Essay on History of Crucifixion - 6118 Words

History of Crucifixion We know that in those final hours of His life Jesus was crucified. But what exactly is a crucifixion? The first known practice of crucifixion was by the Persians. Alexander the Great and his generals introduced the practice to the Phoenicians, Egyptians and Carthaginians. The Romans learned the practice from the Carthaginians and quickly became very efficient and skillful at it. Over time the Romans made several innovations and modifications in the method of crucifixion. 1 Roman citizens were rarely crucified. Crucifixion was reserved for slaves, the lower classes and the worst types of criminals. The Christian tradition that says Peter was crucified, and Paul beheaded, agrees with the historical Roman†¦show more content†¦It was the normal procedure of the Romans to flog the victim until his blood began to flow.11 Roman scourging was so severe that victims often died under it. For one charged as Jesus was, with sedition, it would have been merciless. 12 Crucifixion The Romans designed the act of crucifixion to slowly execute a person through torture while humiliating him. The Romans used crucifixion as a punishment and a warning to other potential lawbreakers.13 After scourging, the condemned person had to carry his stake, or the crossbeam along public roads to the place of execution; this was usually in a public area.14 The following quotation from The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia describes the final process of a crucifixion: As the next step in the process [after scourging] the victim carried his own crossbeam (if this form of cross was used) to the place of execution, where the upright stake had already been erected. Then on the ground he was fastened to the beam with arms outspread, usually by ropes, less commonly by nails†¦. The beam and body were then lifted into place on the upright. A small wooden block (sedicula) or a wooden peg positioned midway on the upright supported the body weight from tearing open the wounds. Once the condemned was thus immobilized he wasShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Mel Gibsons Film The Passion Of The Christ1243 Words   |  5 Pagesstudied, and have been created into historical films. Mel Gibson’s film, The Passion of the Christ is one historical film that has been created to depict the crucifixion of Jesus. Jesus’ resurrection is a historical event that has been studied, and is studied by Christians all over the world. The betrayal of Christ, by Judas is explained in history in the Gospels. Luke 22:47-48 says, â€Å"While he was still speaking a crowd came up, and the man who was called Judas, one of the Twelve, was leading them.Read MoreCrucifixion Of Jesus Christ And His Death On The Cross1552 Words   |  7 PagesCrucifixion, the word makes one automatically think of Jesus Christ, and His death on the cross by to Romans. Even if there is no previous history of Christian faith, the image of Jesus on the cross is still prominent when thinking of crucifixion. Crucifixion, the definition given by Merriam-Webster dictionary is â€Å"the crucifying of Jesus.† Gerard Sloyan states, â€Å"Jesus of Nazareth in Galilee died on the cross at the hands of Roman justice, hundreds of thousands were subjected to the cruel punishmentRead MoreCrucifixion And Resurrection Of Jesus1482 Words   |  6 Pages Crucifixion and Resurrection of Christ in History For the Jews, Jesus arrived as the long awaited Messiah. But on His arrival many did not recognize Him. Others refused to accept Him because He did not fit their image as a King. Everywhere He went in His short life on earth, He made enemies and devoted friends. Men hated Him so deeply that they sought to end His life and did crucify Him. Amazingly as the Bible had predicted centuries before their occurrence, all of the events of His life fromRead MoreThe Most Important Event Of Church History987 Words   |  4 Pages As I write this paper, on what, in my opinion, is â€Å"The Most Important Event in Church History Between 6 B.C. and 1517,† I have to first consider a question. What determines if something is important? There are a few things in my opinion that qualify an event as important. Of course, like beauty, importance is relative to the eye of the beholder. Here is how I behold what qualifies an event’s importance. First, the event should be something that is relatable and affects a lot of people. NextRead MoreReflection On The Dream Of The Rood1577 Words   |  7 PagesDream of the Rood is an Old English religious poem. The writer and composition date are both unknown to the world. The poem is an account of one man’s vision of the crucifixion of Christ. The vision is through the rood, or the cross’s, point of view. There are many similarities and differences in the poem, compared to the actual crucifixion in The Bible. The beginning of the poem begins with the taking of the cross. â€Å"It was long ago - I remember it still- that I was hewn down at the wood’s edge, takenRead MoreThe Idea Of Jesus Dying For Sin1418 Words   |  6 Pagesone.) Why or why not? I disagree with the idea of Jesus dying for sin as being an outmoded concept. Throughout history, we see over and over again of people giving up everything, including their lives, for the greater good. A person dying for what they believe in is not outdated, but the actual act of dying in such a horrific way, however, is barbaric in its nature. The entire crucifixion is one of many disgusting acts that humanity has done to each other. I’m taking the phrase â€Å"outmoded† to meanRead MoreThe Crucifixion of Jesus Christ788 Words   |  3 PagesCrucifixion is a type of execution or sentencing for those of the most serious crimes. It was a very common form of penalty throughout Eastern Europe and Western Asia. Groups such as the Indians, Scythians, Celts, Germani, Britanni, Taurians, Persians, Carthaginians, Phoenicians, Greeks, and mostly the Romans all commonly used crucifixion. The actual procedure of crucifixion is pretty simple. The person being crucified is put on a cross or some sort of wooden frame, most likely a cross, that he carriesRead MoreAnalysis of Uncle Toms Cabin, by Harriet Beecher Stowe Essays791 Words   |  4 PagesAnalysis of Uncle Toms Cabin by Harriet Beecher Stowe Uncle Tom’s Cabin, by Harriet Beecher Stowe, is arguably the most influential novel in American History. Stowe’s sentimental writing style seized the imagination of her readers and Uncle Tom’s Cabin became the standard of the abolition movement. Uncle Tom, one of the protagonists, spreads Christianity and dies for his faith, like Christ. By equating Uncle Tom with Jesus Christ, Harriet Beecher Stowe deliberately provokes her audience to socialRead MoreRoman Military Essay1595 Words   |  7 Pagesan armed mob with clubs and spear; they were a high skilled set of professional soldiers. Over the vast Roman Empire the military executed the will of the emperor. The distinct similarities of the Roman Military to that of modern militaries, the history of their conquest and duties, and their influence on Christianity are the attributes that influenced the entire world. Ancient civilization at its core was a very brutal time. Hollywood at times portrays military battles being fought by mob likeRead MoreThroughout The Bible There Are Certain Events That Occur1419 Words   |  6 Pagesparallel can be found that connects Genesis 22, in the old testament, and Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John, in the New Testament. In Genesis 22, the request for Isaac to be sacrificed by Abraham as a test of his faith in God, is a foreshadowing of, the crucifixion of Christ in three distinct ways. These three similarities pertain to the likeness of a Christ figure who is an only son, that acts as a sacrifice for sin. There are two distinct differences, however, that also play a role when evaluating the parallel

Essay On Children With Explosive Anger Outbursts - 952 Words

DSM-5 is children with explosive anger outbursts and has persistent irritability; DSM-5 can also present many different psychiatric illnesses. The scientific support for DSM-5 comes from studies of the related but not identical to severe mood dysregulation. The diagnosis has criteria for frequency (three outbursts per week), persistence, duration, and age. Negative moods like depressed, angry, sad, irritable, or low frustration tolerance was present in 8-13% of the school-aged children. About 25% of school-age children with oppositional defiant disorder can also qualify them for DSDD. Severe tantrums were present in 81% of preschoolers, 18% of them had at least 3 outbursts a week and 21% were in a negative mood. Once the age criteria was†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ Changing the way children are diagnosed by using an 11-item list with rankings that determine if the child has DMDD. †¢ Adding another section only for conditions that require additional research before being a true diagnosis. †¢ Recognizing hoarding, post-traumatic stress and binge eating disorders. Although these changes were made some experts are concerned Is the DSM-5 disordered? Dr. Joel Paris, professor and chairman of the department of psychiatry in McGill University, Montreal said there is a big problem with the new manual because it doesn’t address the â€Å"diagnostic epidemic†. People can be taking a stimulant for no reason. Dr. Thomas Insel, the director of the U.S National Institute of Mental Health, announced a new research project that will use genetics, imaging and cognitive science as a new classification system. According to Dr. Paris, the removal of the bereavement exclusion from the systems of the depressive category was a bad idea since depression is over diagnosed. He stated that 11% of the population of the Americans is on antidepressants. Another Psychiatrist, Dr. Suzane Renaud was hoping for DSM-5 to include things for borderline personality. She said I would have expected the DSM-5 to use the multi-dimensional approach for personality disorders because this is where were at clinically and in research, but they kind of withd rew it, saying that it was too complicated for clinicians. Below there isShow MoreRelatedCrime Prevention in Schools Essay2591 Words   |  11 Pagesstudents were suspended at South High School in Cleveland and one of them was arrested after a sophomore threw a chair that knocked out an assistant principal because of a brawl between students. 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Anger and Conflict Across Cultures 467 Self-Assessment Library What’s My Negotiating Style? 467 An Ethical Choice Using Empathy to Negotiate More Ethically 468 Point/Counterpoint Player–Owner Disputes Are Unnecessary 471 Questions for Review 472 ExperientialRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 PagesHealth and Financial Services Division, but I thought you might like some more personal information about them. These people will be your direct reports on the management team. Group #1: Bob Miller, 55-year-old white male, married (Anna) with two children and three grandchildren. Active in local Republican politics. Well regarded as a â€Å"hands-off† manager heading a high-performing team. Plays golf regularly with Mark McIntyre, John Small, and a couple of V.P from other divisions. .s Group #2: WandaRead MoreFundamentals of Hrm263904 Words   |  1056 PagesSenior Production Editor. Others deserving special mention for their contributions are Brenda Moorehead and RaeAnn Guns. Last, we want to acknowledge a few people individually. From Dave: To my wife, Terri, for all her support and love. And to my children— Mark, Meredith, Gabriella, and Natalie—thank you for all you do. You continue to be the â€Å"light of my life.† From Steve: To Laura for all that she brings to my life. From Susan: To my husband John, my daughter Katie, and my Mom. Thanks for yourRead MoreProject Mgmt296381 Words   |  1186 Pagesits original dimensions.† Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr. To my family who have always encircled me with love and encouragement—my parents (Samuel and Charlotte), my wife (Mary), my sons and their wives (Kevin and Dawn, Robert and Sally) and their children (Ryan, Carly, Connor and Lauren). C.F.G. â€Å"We must not cease from exploration and the end of all exploring will be to arrive where we begin and to know the place for the first time.† T. S. Eliot To Ann whose love and support has brought out the

Diels Alder Lab Report free essay sample

Be sure to address any questions posed in the lab procedure as well as any additional questions that your TA wants you to answer. You should also analyze any NMR spectra that you have from the reaction (if applicable). Spectra of starting materials are available on the Vista site. This reaction was carried out using standard reflux conditions. Both the anthracene and maleic anhydride dissolved immediately in xylene to give a slightly yellow solution. As the reflux was conducted, the reaction mixture appeared to darken a bit in color, and after 30 minutes, it was a distinct yellow color. Crystal formation occurred almost immediately after removing the round-bottomed flask from the heating mantle, with even more crystals forming during the time the flask was in the ice bath. The crystals were a pale yellow color, with an irregular, powdery shape. The crude material was recrystallized from boiling xylene. Xylene is an excellent solvent for both anthracene and maleic anhydride, as evidenced by their complete solubility in the early part of the synthesis. We will write a custom essay sample on Diels Alder Lab Report or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Due to this fact, any unreacted starting materials would remain soluble throughout the recrystallization process. Additionally, the Diels-Alder product is soluble in boiling xylene, but insoluble in cool xylene. This makes for an ideal recrystallization solvent. The purified crystals that were collected from the recrystallization were a faint off-white color, with a regular, shiny plate-like shape. The purity of the crystals was improved as seen in the melting point for the recrystallized product. This particular Diels-Alder reaction exploits an interesting phenomenon. Although aromatic compounds do not normally participate in Diels-Alder reactions, the central ring in anthracene is reactive as a diene. Since all three rings of anthracene can not simultaneously have benzenoid character (Figure 1), the electrons in the pi system of the central ring react more like those of a standard diene. The reaction of the central ring in anthracene allows for the formation of two, independent benzene rings, as seen in the mechanism outlined in Figure 2. (You can hand-draw structures in ink. ) Figure 1: Resonance structures of anthracene. All figures should have captions. ) xylene140 COOOOOO Figure 2: Mechanism of the Diels-Alder reaction. Conclusions Write a brief paragraph that summarizes your results. The Diels-Alder adduct, 9,10-Dihydro-9,10-ethanoanthracene-11,12-dicarboxylic anhydride, was successfully synthesized from anthracene and maleic anhydride.

Tarantino and Scorsese considered auteurs Essay Example For Students

Tarantino and Scorsese considered auteurs Essay The auteur debate was initiated by Jean-Luc Godard and Francois Truffaut, 2 key French New Wave directors.  Both Scorsese and Tarantino are considered by many to be auteurs, many film critics and others in the industry have stated that with films made by both these directors can be identified as theirs before being told so. This is a true auteur; someone who can make all their films along the same guidelines, and put their stamp on every scene of every film. They bring their character, thoughts, feelings and interests to their films, the films seen personal to the director. Tarantino is probably seen as the most famous auteur, most people, whether theyve watched his films or not, know he has a certain style of film making. In all his films Tarantino uses dark humor, for example he tries to make violence appear funny, he takes aspects from other films, whether this be a scene, a character, a storyline or a technique, music from the 1970s and a large amount of the same actors. We will write a custom essay on Tarantino and Scorsese considered auteurs specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Tarantinos first major film that set him on to be an auteur was Reservoir Dogs made in 1992. Almost immediately, one of Tarantinos symbolic features is used, we see someone torturing someone else whilst making jokes, i.e. making violence seem funny, and dancing along to Stuck in the middle with you thus using seventies music and dark humor.  Reservoir Dogs, being the first of Tarantinos films, meant it is slightly different to lots of his other films, some aspects of it, although similar to his auteur styles in later films, are not quite so prominent, this could be because as a director starting out, he had to see how the audience would react to things such as his use of dark humor. If they liked this he could develop it further in later films, as we see he goes on to do. Another thing which is done in Reservoir Dogs, is Tarantino giving characters mysterious names, the characters are known by their surname for example Mr. White.  Tarantinos use of 1970s music is seen in all of his films, this aspect of his films tends to agree with the definition of him being an auteur. In Jackie Brown (1998) the beginning credits and sequence is accompanied by music from the 1970s. Pulp Fiction (1994) also has a large amount of music from the 1970s, throughout the whole film. Essentially the only music that is heard in all of Tarantinos films is from the 1970s. By doing this, Tarantino is making it easier for the audience to recognise that these films are in fact his. It is not just the music that Tarantino uses to make references to the 1970s. He, in fact, makes many references to the 1970s in his films, for example in Kill Bill (2002) the film starts with Our Feature Presentation written on screen, which was often used on films in cinemas in the 1970s. Another example of reference to the 1970s is in Kill Bill 2 (2004) Tarantino puts in a character called Pie May which is a direct reference to the martial arts character of 1970s films.  Tarantinos vast amount of 1970s references, are used because they represent Tarantinos views and personal likes as he grew up in the 1970s and identifies largely with things from this era. Something else which we see in most of not all of Tarantinos films is the use of feet. Tarantino himself had a thing for feet and so portrayed this in his films. For example in Jackie Brown in the sequence where we are introduced to Bridget Fondas character, Melanie, we see her feet first and often when she is talking the camera is focused largely on her feet. Also in Pulp Fiction, there is conversation about feet, as the two main characters, Vince and Jules are walking into the building at the beginning they talk about foot massages. .u50236b095f9af4ee1c00c1fd1f72f904 , .u50236b095f9af4ee1c00c1fd1f72f904 .postImageUrl , .u50236b095f9af4ee1c00c1fd1f72f904 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u50236b095f9af4ee1c00c1fd1f72f904 , .u50236b095f9af4ee1c00c1fd1f72f904:hover , .u50236b095f9af4ee1c00c1fd1f72f904:visited , .u50236b095f9af4ee1c00c1fd1f72f904:active { border:0!important; } .u50236b095f9af4ee1c00c1fd1f72f904 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u50236b095f9af4ee1c00c1fd1f72f904 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u50236b095f9af4ee1c00c1fd1f72f904:active , .u50236b095f9af4ee1c00c1fd1f72f904:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u50236b095f9af4ee1c00c1fd1f72f904 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u50236b095f9af4ee1c00c1fd1f72f904 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u50236b095f9af4ee1c00c1fd1f72f904 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u50236b095f9af4ee1c00c1fd1f72f904 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u50236b095f9af4ee1c00c1fd1f72f904:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u50236b095f9af4ee1c00c1fd1f72f904 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u50236b095f9af4ee1c00c1fd1f72f904 .u50236b095f9af4ee1c00c1fd1f72f904-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u50236b095f9af4ee1c00c1fd1f72f904:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Film Summary - The Help EssayTarantino often works with the same characters in his films, for example Samuel L Jackson appears in Jackie Brown, Pulp Fiction and Kill Bill 2. Also Uma Thurman appears in Pulp Fiction and both of the Kill Bill films.  Tarantinos films often involve long periods of dialogue which have no relevance to the film, but are used as to bring humor to the violence of his films. An example of this would be in Pulp Fiction, in the beginning Jules and Vince are in the car on their way to shoot someone, but are having a normal conversation about burgers. Tarantino also likes to play with graphics on screen, he often , uses captions on screen to show what is happening, or show the time it is when something happens, this happens in all of his films.  Another thing that is done by Tarantino is his invention of products, instead of using existing products and therefore using product placement, Tarantino likes to invent his own products to use, for example he invents the cereal we see in Kill Bill and the coffee we see in Pulp Fiction. One other thing that Tarantino often includes in his films, as that we see the same sequence but from a different perspective. This happens in Jackie Brown, when we see the women leaving the money in the changing room of a shop and it being picked up by someone else, twice but the perspective of two different people so are seeing two sides to the same story.  Tarantinos films are very different to the films of other directors in the way the narrative is structured, the types of storyline, the characters and the references in them. For this reason it is quite clear that Tarantino is a true auteur. Martin Scorsese is also considered an auteur, his films are all linked in some way or other and all have his signature over them. One film critic said of Scorsese Martys such an auteur; every frame of Raging Bull has his stamp on it. This is also said to be true of all of his films.  Martin Scorsese is hugely interested in the three themes of violence, religion and redemption; this can be seen in his films. The basic story line for each of the films is based around these themes.  Taxi driver (1976) is the story of a Manhattan Taxi driver, and his slow fall into insanity through a path of religion and violence. Travis is an insomniac living in New York; as a result of his insomnia he takes a job as night Taxi driver.

Educational Planning Essays

Educational Planning Essays Educational Planning Essay Educational Planning Essay teachers etc. As far as functioning of the system is concerned the elements to be taken into account include administration of education at the system level, managing the educational process at the institutional and classroom level. For analyzing the quality and outcomes of the education system the efficiency of education and the pass percentage and graduation rate etc. are important. Target Setting Targets are translation of objectives in clearly defined quantitative terms. What the plan intends to achieve during the plan period when specified in quantitative terms is known as target. Targets are statements which state clearly and unambiguously what is to be achieved and are in measurable terms and have definite time frame. In order to develop education plan the targets may be set for access, enrolment, retention and achievement level of children. However it is desirable to undertake the target setting exercise in a disaggregated manner. Secondly in a medium and long term plan the targets should be set in a phased manner which means that targets should not only be set for the total plan period but should also be set for all intervening years. This may not only help to see the progress of implementation of the plan on year to year basis but may also facilitate in reviewing the implementation strategies and perhaps revising the targets for the coming years. The gender and social disparities in the field of education are common features in developing countries. These disparities may be in enrolment, retention or even in achievement also. One of the important objectives in the education plan will be to reduce these disparities. It is therefore important to set the targets on enrolment and retention separately for boys and girls as well as for different ethnic groups that are educationally backward. Over a period of time the gap between boys and girls and between various ethnic groups and others may be reduced. The target of reducing this gap may depend upon the gaps between these categories in the base year of the plan. Several demographic and enrolment indicators can be used in setting enrolment targets. These are growth rate of population; growth rate of school age population or share of school age population to total population; share of girls in total child population; share of under age and over age children in total enrolment at a given level of education; Net Enrolment Ratio; growth rate of enrolment in the preceding year; and Net Intake Rate (NIR). It is important to note that plan targets for all major interventions need to beset at the lower level administrative unit. For example, in the national plan state (i. e. province) wise targets may be set or while planning at the state level district wise targets need to be set. Further the plan targets should be expressed both in terms of absolute figures as well as in terms of performance indicators, where ever applicable. Intervention Strategies and Activities After setting the targets the next step in planning is to evolve strategies to achieve the targets and therefore evolving intervention strategies to achieve the targets is another important aspect of plan formulation. The effort may be to highlight the interventions that will help to overcome the problems and constraints identified in the plan so as to ensure that the targets set are achieved. However, it is to be noted that the strategies evolved will have to address the identified problems and issues. While evolving the strategies important points to keep in view are: (i) in a decentralized planning any single strategy may not be uniformly operational or applicable indifferent areas and that is why probably for addressing a single problem one may have to envisage a set of strategies for a given context. ii) Many a times a single strategy may not be enough to address an issue or a problem and there will be a need to work out multiple strategies for addressing a single problem. (iii) All the problems and issues identified during the planning exercise must be tackled and intervention strategies should be worked out accordingly and there should thus be a linkage between the problems/issues identifie d and the intervention strategies developed for addressing them. Translating the strategies into programs and activities is the next step in the plan formulation. It is to be kept in view that a specific intervention strategy may require a number of programs to make it operational and effective. However a program may be an aggregation of various activities. It is therefore necessary to translate each and every strategy into activities and tasks. For example for improving access the strategy can be ‘opening of new schools’. However one of the activities under the strategy of opening new school may be ‘construction of school building’. But the activity of construction of school building has many tasks that are to be undertaken. These tasks may be (i) identification of school-less habitations; (ii)identification of habitations qualifying for opening schools; (iii) listing and prioritization of habitations; (iv) deciding about the number of schools to be opened;(v) identification of habitations where schools are to be opened; (vi) deciding the location/site of the school; (vii) acquiring site/transfer of land; (viii) identification of agency for construction and supervision; (ix) actual construction work; (x) monitoring and supervision of construction work and (xi) finishing and furnishing of school building. Next step in plan formulation is the sequencing and phasing of these activities and the tasks. It may be noted that some activities / tasks can be undertaken only in a sequential manner whereas some activities/tasks can be started simultaneously. For example, construction of school building and recruitment of teachers are the activities which can be undertaken simultaneously while actual construction of school building can not be done before deciding the site of the school, acquiring site, transfer of land and identification of agency for construction and supervision. Costing and Budget Preparation An important step in the plan formulation exercise is the costing and estimation of financial requirements to implement the plan. Translating the physical inputs into financial requirements is essential for funding purpose. All the activities and tasks identified, which have financial implication, are to be cost properly and budgeted adequately. Various steps that are involved in estimation of financial requirements are: (i) listing of all the activities to be undertaken (ii) classifying all these activities into two categories i. . activities having cost implications and activities which do not have cost implications; (iii) classifying the activities which have cost implications into recurring and non-recurring heads; (iv) working our the is another important aspect of plan formulation. The effort may be to highlight the interventions that will help to overcome the problems and constraints identified in the plan so as to ensure that the targets set are achieved. However, it is to be noted that the strategies evolved will have to address the identified problems and issues. While evolving the strategies important points to keep in view are: (i) in a decentralized planning any single strategy may not be uniformly operational or applicable indifferent areas and that is why probably for addressing a single problem one may have to envisage a set of strategies for a given context. (ii) Many a times a single strategy may not be enough to address an issue or a problem and there will be a need to work out multiple strategies for addressing a single problem. iii) All the problems and issues identified during the planning exercise must be tackled and intervention strategies should be worked out accordingly and there should thus be a linkage between the problems/issues identified and the intervention strategies developed for addressing them. Translating the strategies into programs and activities is the next step in the plan formulation. It is to be kept in view that a specific intervention strategy may require a number of programs to make it operational and effec tive. However a program may be an aggregation of various activities. It is therefore necessary to translate each and every strategy into activities and tasks. For example for improving access the strategy can be ‘opening of new schools’. However one of the activities under the strategy of opening new school may be ‘construction of school building’. But the activity of construction of school building has many tasks that are to be undertaken. These tasks may be (i) identification of school-less habitations; (ii)identification of habitations qualifying for opening schools; (iii) listing and prioritization of habitations; (iv) deciding about the number of schools to be opened;(v) identification of habitations where schools are to be opened; (vi) deciding the location/site of the school; (vii) acquiring site/transfer of land; (viii) identification of agency for construction and supervision; (ix) actual construction work; (x) monitoring and supervision of construction work and (xi) finishing and furnishing of school building. Next step in plan formulation is the sequencing and phasing of these activities and the tasks. It may be noted that some activities / tasks can be undertaken only in a sequential manner whereas some activities/tasks can be started simultaneously. For example, construction of school building and recruitment of teachers are the activities which can be undertaken simultaneously while actual construction of school building can not be done before deciding the site of the school, acquiring site, transfer of land and identification of agency for construction and supervision. Implementation Schedule and Monitoring Mechanism One of the important stages in planning exercise is detailing out the implementation plan. When planning at the lower levels, e. g. district level planning, implementation is part and parcel of planning activities. A plan document is incomplete if it does not contain detailed plan for implementation of the programs and projects that the plan contains. It thereby means that planning for implementation should be inbuilt in the plan document. A failure in the achievement of plan targets in the education sector is generally attributed to the lack of detailed planning for implementation. Planning for implementation facilitates the process of implementation of programs and projects by providing a sound mechanism of monitoring in the form of implementation schedule and it also increases the efficiency of the system by minimizing the costs of implementation of a given program or project. Planning for implementation makes it possible to critically analyze the activities of a given educational program and to develop an implementation schedule which can be used for monitoring the progress of implementation. There are certain steps that are necessary in planning for implementation of educational programs or projects. These are; listing of activities that make up the program; thinking through each of these activities; establishing inter-relationships between these activities; establishing a network; setting activity duration; determining material, equipment and human resource needs; deciding about time duration for the program implementation of each activity; identifying identical activities of the program which can not be overlooked without affecting the duration of the average cost of recurring activities and unit cost for non-recurring activities (v)estimation of costs separately under the recurring and non-recurring heads. While estimating the financial requirements for the Education Plan the recurring costs estimation may be on items such as salaries, training, maintenance of building, equipment, furniture, infrastructure, travel costs; stationary and consumables, contingencies, rents etc. Similarly the non-recurring cost estimation may be on items such as: construction of school building, additional classrooms, toilets, compound wall, equipments, furniture; infrastructure; vehicle etc. The aggregation of costs of all the activities and tasks under various strategies will give the total financial requirements of the plan. Allocation of resources to education is based on the budgets. Budgets are prepared annually to facilitate the resource allocation process. This implies that these activities are to be classified according to the year of beginning and completion of the activities. This may help in preparing the annual budgets. The budget should correspond to the activities indicated to be completed in that particular year. While estimating the cost requirements for the plan it is of utmost importance to keep in view the financial parameters fixed by the higher level decision making bodies with regard to Education Plans to be formulated at the lower levels. The costing of the plan must adhere to the ceilings on various items and other financial parameters prescribed by the approving body which may be the national (i. e. central) government and/or the provincial government. Negotiations, Appraisal and Approval The plans developed are draft plans till they are discussed and finally approved by the approving authorities. Since resources are to be allocated for implementation of plan, the negotiation process is very important. Many proposals in the plan may require financial allocation from the higher authorities. Hence the plan may become final only when they are discussed and finally approved by the authorities by approving budget and allocating funds as per requirements. The approving authorities look into the desirability of proposals and the feasibility of implementation of the plan. This is the process of negotiation between those who formulate the plan and those who have to finally approve the plan and budget. It is generally found that some cut in the proposed resource requirement is done by the authorities and in such case the plan need to be revised in the light of discussion. Based on the resources assured by the approving authorities, plan proposals are to be prioritized. After such re-prioritization so as to establish a link between what is proposed and the extent of resources available, the plan is finalized. In order to approve the plan the authorities, who have to approve the plan and budget, do generally like to do comprehensive review of the various aspects and components of program proposals. It is therefore seen whether the plan is technically sound, financially viable and justified and administratively feasible. This is done with the help of a team of experts who discuss the plan proposals at length with the planning team. This process is known as the appraisal of plan. Thus an important aspect of plan negotiation is appraisal through which the opinion of the experts is sought about the soundness and feasibility of plan proposals before it is finally approved for implementation. Negotiation is a process by which one can bargain for more resources. If the proposals made in the plan document are justified and the planning team is able to convince the authorities it is very likely that they may get more resources. However, if the plan proposals are weak and unconvincing the chances are that they may get less amount of resources. The soundness of the proposals which constitute a plan is an important consideration influencing the amount of resources allocated

Argumentative Essay

Argumentative Essay Argumentative Essay Argumentative Essay Argumentative essay must be developed on specific arguments.   It is a must.   Argumentative essay can be based on your personal opinion; however, it will be weak if you do not provide specific examples supporting your point of view.   From the first lines of your argumentative essay, your position on the discussed issue should be clear to the reader.   Nevertheless, it does not mean that you should not mention an opposite opinions.   On the contrary, your argumentative essay should include specific references to other side of the debate.   Writing an argumentative essay about smoking ban, for example, you should definitely think about both sides of the argument, choose the one you support, explain why it is right as well as mention why the other side is wrong.   If you use secondary sources (articles, journals, books, and the Internet), you must give a credit to the author - do not forget to cite everything you use! Writing an Argumentative Essay Writing an essay you must avoid plagiarism!   Your argumentative essay must be written in your own words.   Take into account that paraphrasing is the same as plagiarism!   Plan your time wisely to avoid rush.   It is possible to write a good argumentative essay overnight for an experienced writer; but it is hardly achievable for an average student.   Thus, give yourself at least a couple of days to write, structure, and revise your argumentative essay.   Do not forget about argumentative essay editing - ask your friend or a parent to read your essay aloud. Does it sound convincing?   Does it flow logically? Argumentative Essay Writing Every step of argumentative essay writing must be carefully reviewed.   You cannot simply submit an essay without even reading it for the second time.   Usually, there are many mistakes you may not have noticed. For example, you had an idea in mind but did not express it clearly or omitted the word.   Such mistakes are not very serious but they will definitely affect your grade negatively.   Ordering custom writing service, you receive perfect argumentative essay written by experienced writer.   You may ask for revisions and amendments as many times as you want.   Argumentative essay is very interesting to write but it becomes a real challenge if you do not know how to start writing it.

Employee motivation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Employee motivation - Essay Example This is because the workers feel safe in an environment that is tightly controlled by management. On the other hand, theory Y workers are self-motivated to perform their job responsibilities to the best of their abilities. For these workers, their work is simply an extension of themselves. If they perform poorly in the workplace, then they feel that it reflects badly on them as a person. In business organizations that contain many employees of this type, very little instruction is required from top management because the employees are naturally motivated to perform their tasks and use creative thinking to do so. No matter which type of employees an organization deals with, there needs to be incentives offered that will encourage employees to strive to do their best. An individual goal for an employee could be a bonus depending on how many sales they make in a month. For employees who are not involved in the sales department, this could be translated as how many units of production they do. The added figure to their salaries would be a small percentage based on their work output. Another way could be to offer a promotion if they meet certain company goals. This could be by assigning them to be a manager of a new franchise or factory. Quite naturally, this would result in an increase of pay. For the organization as a whole, the employees can receive a rise in salary based on the total output of the firm. This encourages employees to work well together because it will affect everyone if there is conflict in the workplace. For organizations with a diverse group of employees, the advantage is two-fold: the employees are handsomely compensated for their work, while the total output of the firm increases due to there being less conflict among employees. However, there would need to be an appropriate measure to judge whether some employees are not performing as they should. Any group-based reward system needs to have checks and balances so that no one is