Essay on History of Crucifixion - 6118 Words

History of Crucifixion We know that in those final hours of His life Jesus was crucified. But what exactly is a crucifixion? The first known practice of crucifixion was by the Persians. Alexander the Great and his generals introduced the practice to the Phoenicians, Egyptians and Carthaginians. The Romans learned the practice from the Carthaginians and quickly became very efficient and skillful at it. Over time the Romans made several innovations and modifications in the method of crucifixion. 1 Roman citizens were rarely crucified. Crucifixion was reserved for slaves, the lower classes and the worst types of criminals. The Christian tradition that says Peter was crucified, and Paul beheaded, agrees with the historical Roman†¦show more content†¦It was the normal procedure of the Romans to flog the victim until his blood began to flow.11 Roman scourging was so severe that victims often died under it. For one charged as Jesus was, with sedition, it would have been merciless. 12 Crucifixion The Romans designed the act of crucifixion to slowly execute a person through torture while humiliating him. The Romans used crucifixion as a punishment and a warning to other potential lawbreakers.13 After scourging, the condemned person had to carry his stake, or the crossbeam along public roads to the place of execution; this was usually in a public area.14 The following quotation from The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia describes the final process of a crucifixion: As the next step in the process [after scourging] the victim carried his own crossbeam (if this form of cross was used) to the place of execution, where the upright stake had already been erected. Then on the ground he was fastened to the beam with arms outspread, usually by ropes, less commonly by nails†¦. The beam and body were then lifted into place on the upright. A small wooden block (sedicula) or a wooden peg positioned midway on the upright supported the body weight from tearing open the wounds. Once the condemned was thus immobilized he wasShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Mel Gibsons Film The Passion Of The Christ1243 Words   |  5 Pagesstudied, and have been created into historical films. Mel Gibson’s film, The Passion of the Christ is one historical film that has been created to depict the crucifixion of Jesus. Jesus’ resurrection is a historical event that has been studied, and is studied by Christians all over the world. The betrayal of Christ, by Judas is explained in history in the Gospels. Luke 22:47-48 says, â€Å"While he was still speaking a crowd came up, and the man who was called Judas, one of the Twelve, was leading them.Read MoreCrucifixion Of Jesus Christ And His Death On The Cross1552 Words   |  7 PagesCrucifixion, the word makes one automatically think of Jesus Christ, and His death on the cross by to Romans. Even if there is no previous history of Christian faith, the image of Jesus on the cross is still prominent when thinking of crucifixion. Crucifixion, the definition given by Merriam-Webster dictionary is â€Å"the crucifying of Jesus.† Gerard Sloyan states, â€Å"Jesus of Nazareth in Galilee died on the cross at the hands of Roman justice, hundreds of thousands were subjected to the cruel punishmentRead MoreCrucifixion And Resurrection Of Jesus1482 Words   |  6 Pages Crucifixion and Resurrection of Christ in History For the Jews, Jesus arrived as the long awaited Messiah. But on His arrival many did not recognize Him. Others refused to accept Him because He did not fit their image as a King. Everywhere He went in His short life on earth, He made enemies and devoted friends. Men hated Him so deeply that they sought to end His life and did crucify Him. Amazingly as the Bible had predicted centuries before their occurrence, all of the events of His life fromRead MoreThe Most Important Event Of Church History987 Words   |  4 Pages As I write this paper, on what, in my opinion, is â€Å"The Most Important Event in Church History Between 6 B.C. and 1517,† I have to first consider a question. What determines if something is important? There are a few things in my opinion that qualify an event as important. Of course, like beauty, importance is relative to the eye of the beholder. Here is how I behold what qualifies an event’s importance. First, the event should be something that is relatable and affects a lot of people. NextRead MoreReflection On The Dream Of The Rood1577 Words   |  7 PagesDream of the Rood is an Old English religious poem. The writer and composition date are both unknown to the world. The poem is an account of one man’s vision of the crucifixion of Christ. The vision is through the rood, or the cross’s, point of view. There are many similarities and differences in the poem, compared to the actual crucifixion in The Bible. The beginning of the poem begins with the taking of the cross. â€Å"It was long ago - I remember it still- that I was hewn down at the wood’s edge, takenRead MoreThe Idea Of Jesus Dying For Sin1418 Words   |  6 Pagesone.) Why or why not? I disagree with the idea of Jesus dying for sin as being an outmoded concept. Throughout history, we see over and over again of people giving up everything, including their lives, for the greater good. A person dying for what they believe in is not outdated, but the actual act of dying in such a horrific way, however, is barbaric in its nature. The entire crucifixion is one of many disgusting acts that humanity has done to each other. I’m taking the phrase â€Å"outmoded† to meanRead MoreThe Crucifixion of Jesus Christ788 Words   |  3 PagesCrucifixion is a type of execution or sentencing for those of the most serious crimes. It was a very common form of penalty throughout Eastern Europe and Western Asia. Groups such as the Indians, Scythians, Celts, Germani, Britanni, Taurians, Persians, Carthaginians, Phoenicians, Greeks, and mostly the Romans all commonly used crucifixion. The actual procedure of crucifixion is pretty simple. The person being crucified is put on a cross or some sort of wooden frame, most likely a cross, that he carriesRead MoreAnalysis of Uncle Toms Cabin, by Harriet Beecher Stowe Essays791 Words   |  4 PagesAnalysis of Uncle Toms Cabin by Harriet Beecher Stowe Uncle Tom’s Cabin, by Harriet Beecher Stowe, is arguably the most influential novel in American History. Stowe’s sentimental writing style seized the imagination of her readers and Uncle Tom’s Cabin became the standard of the abolition movement. Uncle Tom, one of the protagonists, spreads Christianity and dies for his faith, like Christ. By equating Uncle Tom with Jesus Christ, Harriet Beecher Stowe deliberately provokes her audience to socialRead MoreRoman Military Essay1595 Words   |  7 Pagesan armed mob with clubs and spear; they were a high skilled set of professional soldiers. Over the vast Roman Empire the military executed the will of the emperor. The distinct similarities of the Roman Military to that of modern militaries, the history of their conquest and duties, and their influence on Christianity are the attributes that influenced the entire world. Ancient civilization at its core was a very brutal time. Hollywood at times portrays military battles being fought by mob likeRead MoreThroughout The Bible There Are Certain Events That Occur1419 Words   |  6 Pagesparallel can be found that connects Genesis 22, in the old testament, and Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John, in the New Testament. In Genesis 22, the request for Isaac to be sacrificed by Abraham as a test of his faith in God, is a foreshadowing of, the crucifixion of Christ in three distinct ways. These three similarities pertain to the likeness of a Christ figure who is an only son, that acts as a sacrifice for sin. There are two distinct differences, however, that also play a role when evaluating the parallel

Essay On Children With Explosive Anger Outbursts - 952 Words

DSM-5 is children with explosive anger outbursts and has persistent irritability; DSM-5 can also present many different psychiatric illnesses. The scientific support for DSM-5 comes from studies of the related but not identical to severe mood dysregulation. The diagnosis has criteria for frequency (three outbursts per week), persistence, duration, and age. Negative moods like depressed, angry, sad, irritable, or low frustration tolerance was present in 8-13% of the school-aged children. About 25% of school-age children with oppositional defiant disorder can also qualify them for DSDD. Severe tantrums were present in 81% of preschoolers, 18% of them had at least 3 outbursts a week and 21% were in a negative mood. Once the age criteria was†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ Changing the way children are diagnosed by using an 11-item list with rankings that determine if the child has DMDD. †¢ Adding another section only for conditions that require additional research before being a true diagnosis. †¢ Recognizing hoarding, post-traumatic stress and binge eating disorders. Although these changes were made some experts are concerned Is the DSM-5 disordered? Dr. Joel Paris, professor and chairman of the department of psychiatry in McGill University, Montreal said there is a big problem with the new manual because it doesn’t address the â€Å"diagnostic epidemic†. People can be taking a stimulant for no reason. Dr. Thomas Insel, the director of the U.S National Institute of Mental Health, announced a new research project that will use genetics, imaging and cognitive science as a new classification system. According to Dr. Paris, the removal of the bereavement exclusion from the systems of the depressive category was a bad idea since depression is over diagnosed. He stated that 11% of the population of the Americans is on antidepressants. Another Psychiatrist, Dr. Suzane Renaud was hoping for DSM-5 to include things for borderline personality. She said I would have expected the DSM-5 to use the multi-dimensional approach for personality disorders because this is where were at clinically and in research, but they kind of withd rew it, saying that it was too complicated for clinicians. Below there isShow MoreRelatedCrime Prevention in Schools Essay2591 Words   |  11 Pagesstudents were suspended at South High School in Cleveland and one of them was arrested after a sophomore threw a chair that knocked out an assistant principal because of a brawl between students. 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Anger and Conflict Across Cultures 467 Self-Assessment Library What’s My Negotiating Style? 467 An Ethical Choice Using Empathy to Negotiate More Ethically 468 Point/Counterpoint Player–Owner Disputes Are Unnecessary 471 Questions for Review 472 ExperientialRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 PagesHealth and Financial Services Division, but I thought you might like some more personal information about them. These people will be your direct reports on the management team. Group #1: Bob Miller, 55-year-old white male, married (Anna) with two children and three grandchildren. Active in local Republican politics. Well regarded as a â€Å"hands-off† manager heading a high-performing team. Plays golf regularly with Mark McIntyre, John Small, and a couple of V.P from other divisions. .s Group #2: WandaRead MoreFundamentals of Hrm263904 Words   |  1056 PagesSenior Production Editor. Others deserving special mention for their contributions are Brenda Moorehead and RaeAnn Guns. Last, we want to acknowledge a few people individually. From Dave: To my wife, Terri, for all her support and love. And to my children— Mark, Meredith, Gabriella, and Natalie—thank you for all you do. You continue to be the â€Å"light of my life.† From Steve: To Laura for all that she brings to my life. From Susan: To my husband John, my daughter Katie, and my Mom. Thanks for yourRead MoreProject Mgmt296381 Words   |  1186 Pagesits original dimensions.† Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr. To my family who have always encircled me with love and encouragement—my parents (Samuel and Charlotte), my wife (Mary), my sons and their wives (Kevin and Dawn, Robert and Sally) and their children (Ryan, Carly, Connor and Lauren). C.F.G. â€Å"We must not cease from exploration and the end of all exploring will be to arrive where we begin and to know the place for the first time.† T. S. Eliot To Ann whose love and support has brought out the

Diels Alder Lab Report free essay sample

Be sure to address any questions posed in the lab procedure as well as any additional questions that your TA wants you to answer. You should also analyze any NMR spectra that you have from the reaction (if applicable). Spectra of starting materials are available on the Vista site. This reaction was carried out using standard reflux conditions. Both the anthracene and maleic anhydride dissolved immediately in xylene to give a slightly yellow solution. As the reflux was conducted, the reaction mixture appeared to darken a bit in color, and after 30 minutes, it was a distinct yellow color. Crystal formation occurred almost immediately after removing the round-bottomed flask from the heating mantle, with even more crystals forming during the time the flask was in the ice bath. The crystals were a pale yellow color, with an irregular, powdery shape. The crude material was recrystallized from boiling xylene. Xylene is an excellent solvent for both anthracene and maleic anhydride, as evidenced by their complete solubility in the early part of the synthesis. We will write a custom essay sample on Diels Alder Lab Report or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Due to this fact, any unreacted starting materials would remain soluble throughout the recrystallization process. Additionally, the Diels-Alder product is soluble in boiling xylene, but insoluble in cool xylene. This makes for an ideal recrystallization solvent. The purified crystals that were collected from the recrystallization were a faint off-white color, with a regular, shiny plate-like shape. The purity of the crystals was improved as seen in the melting point for the recrystallized product. This particular Diels-Alder reaction exploits an interesting phenomenon. Although aromatic compounds do not normally participate in Diels-Alder reactions, the central ring in anthracene is reactive as a diene. Since all three rings of anthracene can not simultaneously have benzenoid character (Figure 1), the electrons in the pi system of the central ring react more like those of a standard diene. The reaction of the central ring in anthracene allows for the formation of two, independent benzene rings, as seen in the mechanism outlined in Figure 2. (You can hand-draw structures in ink. ) Figure 1: Resonance structures of anthracene. All figures should have captions. ) xylene140 COOOOOO Figure 2: Mechanism of the Diels-Alder reaction. Conclusions Write a brief paragraph that summarizes your results. The Diels-Alder adduct, 9,10-Dihydro-9,10-ethanoanthracene-11,12-dicarboxylic anhydride, was successfully synthesized from anthracene and maleic anhydride.

Tarantino and Scorsese considered auteurs Essay Example For Students

Tarantino and Scorsese considered auteurs Essay The auteur debate was initiated by Jean-Luc Godard and Francois Truffaut, 2 key French New Wave directors.  Both Scorsese and Tarantino are considered by many to be auteurs, many film critics and others in the industry have stated that with films made by both these directors can be identified as theirs before being told so. This is a true auteur; someone who can make all their films along the same guidelines, and put their stamp on every scene of every film. They bring their character, thoughts, feelings and interests to their films, the films seen personal to the director. Tarantino is probably seen as the most famous auteur, most people, whether theyve watched his films or not, know he has a certain style of film making. In all his films Tarantino uses dark humor, for example he tries to make violence appear funny, he takes aspects from other films, whether this be a scene, a character, a storyline or a technique, music from the 1970s and a large amount of the same actors. We will write a custom essay on Tarantino and Scorsese considered auteurs specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Tarantinos first major film that set him on to be an auteur was Reservoir Dogs made in 1992. Almost immediately, one of Tarantinos symbolic features is used, we see someone torturing someone else whilst making jokes, i.e. making violence seem funny, and dancing along to Stuck in the middle with you thus using seventies music and dark humor.  Reservoir Dogs, being the first of Tarantinos films, meant it is slightly different to lots of his other films, some aspects of it, although similar to his auteur styles in later films, are not quite so prominent, this could be because as a director starting out, he had to see how the audience would react to things such as his use of dark humor. If they liked this he could develop it further in later films, as we see he goes on to do. Another thing which is done in Reservoir Dogs, is Tarantino giving characters mysterious names, the characters are known by their surname for example Mr. White.  Tarantinos use of 1970s music is seen in all of his films, this aspect of his films tends to agree with the definition of him being an auteur. In Jackie Brown (1998) the beginning credits and sequence is accompanied by music from the 1970s. Pulp Fiction (1994) also has a large amount of music from the 1970s, throughout the whole film. Essentially the only music that is heard in all of Tarantinos films is from the 1970s. By doing this, Tarantino is making it easier for the audience to recognise that these films are in fact his. It is not just the music that Tarantino uses to make references to the 1970s. He, in fact, makes many references to the 1970s in his films, for example in Kill Bill (2002) the film starts with Our Feature Presentation written on screen, which was often used on films in cinemas in the 1970s. Another example of reference to the 1970s is in Kill Bill 2 (2004) Tarantino puts in a character called Pie May which is a direct reference to the martial arts character of 1970s films.  Tarantinos vast amount of 1970s references, are used because they represent Tarantinos views and personal likes as he grew up in the 1970s and identifies largely with things from this era. Something else which we see in most of not all of Tarantinos films is the use of feet. Tarantino himself had a thing for feet and so portrayed this in his films. For example in Jackie Brown in the sequence where we are introduced to Bridget Fondas character, Melanie, we see her feet first and often when she is talking the camera is focused largely on her feet. Also in Pulp Fiction, there is conversation about feet, as the two main characters, Vince and Jules are walking into the building at the beginning they talk about foot massages. .u50236b095f9af4ee1c00c1fd1f72f904 , .u50236b095f9af4ee1c00c1fd1f72f904 .postImageUrl , .u50236b095f9af4ee1c00c1fd1f72f904 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u50236b095f9af4ee1c00c1fd1f72f904 , .u50236b095f9af4ee1c00c1fd1f72f904:hover , .u50236b095f9af4ee1c00c1fd1f72f904:visited , .u50236b095f9af4ee1c00c1fd1f72f904:active { border:0!important; } .u50236b095f9af4ee1c00c1fd1f72f904 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u50236b095f9af4ee1c00c1fd1f72f904 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u50236b095f9af4ee1c00c1fd1f72f904:active , .u50236b095f9af4ee1c00c1fd1f72f904:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u50236b095f9af4ee1c00c1fd1f72f904 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u50236b095f9af4ee1c00c1fd1f72f904 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u50236b095f9af4ee1c00c1fd1f72f904 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u50236b095f9af4ee1c00c1fd1f72f904 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u50236b095f9af4ee1c00c1fd1f72f904:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u50236b095f9af4ee1c00c1fd1f72f904 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u50236b095f9af4ee1c00c1fd1f72f904 .u50236b095f9af4ee1c00c1fd1f72f904-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u50236b095f9af4ee1c00c1fd1f72f904:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Film Summary - The Help EssayTarantino often works with the same characters in his films, for example Samuel L Jackson appears in Jackie Brown, Pulp Fiction and Kill Bill 2. Also Uma Thurman appears in Pulp Fiction and both of the Kill Bill films.  Tarantinos films often involve long periods of dialogue which have no relevance to the film, but are used as to bring humor to the violence of his films. An example of this would be in Pulp Fiction, in the beginning Jules and Vince are in the car on their way to shoot someone, but are having a normal conversation about burgers. Tarantino also likes to play with graphics on screen, he often , uses captions on screen to show what is happening, or show the time it is when something happens, this happens in all of his films.  Another thing that is done by Tarantino is his invention of products, instead of using existing products and therefore using product placement, Tarantino likes to invent his own products to use, for example he invents the cereal we see in Kill Bill and the coffee we see in Pulp Fiction. One other thing that Tarantino often includes in his films, as that we see the same sequence but from a different perspective. This happens in Jackie Brown, when we see the women leaving the money in the changing room of a shop and it being picked up by someone else, twice but the perspective of two different people so are seeing two sides to the same story.  Tarantinos films are very different to the films of other directors in the way the narrative is structured, the types of storyline, the characters and the references in them. For this reason it is quite clear that Tarantino is a true auteur. Martin Scorsese is also considered an auteur, his films are all linked in some way or other and all have his signature over them. One film critic said of Scorsese Martys such an auteur; every frame of Raging Bull has his stamp on it. This is also said to be true of all of his films.  Martin Scorsese is hugely interested in the three themes of violence, religion and redemption; this can be seen in his films. The basic story line for each of the films is based around these themes.  Taxi driver (1976) is the story of a Manhattan Taxi driver, and his slow fall into insanity through a path of religion and violence. Travis is an insomniac living in New York; as a result of his insomnia he takes a job as night Taxi driver.

Educational Planning Essays

Educational Planning Essays Educational Planning Essay Educational Planning Essay teachers etc. As far as functioning of the system is concerned the elements to be taken into account include administration of education at the system level, managing the educational process at the institutional and classroom level. For analyzing the quality and outcomes of the education system the efficiency of education and the pass percentage and graduation rate etc. are important. Target Setting Targets are translation of objectives in clearly defined quantitative terms. What the plan intends to achieve during the plan period when specified in quantitative terms is known as target. Targets are statements which state clearly and unambiguously what is to be achieved and are in measurable terms and have definite time frame. In order to develop education plan the targets may be set for access, enrolment, retention and achievement level of children. However it is desirable to undertake the target setting exercise in a disaggregated manner. Secondly in a medium and long term plan the targets should be set in a phased manner which means that targets should not only be set for the total plan period but should also be set for all intervening years. This may not only help to see the progress of implementation of the plan on year to year basis but may also facilitate in reviewing the implementation strategies and perhaps revising the targets for the coming years. The gender and social disparities in the field of education are common features in developing countries. These disparities may be in enrolment, retention or even in achievement also. One of the important objectives in the education plan will be to reduce these disparities. It is therefore important to set the targets on enrolment and retention separately for boys and girls as well as for different ethnic groups that are educationally backward. Over a period of time the gap between boys and girls and between various ethnic groups and others may be reduced. The target of reducing this gap may depend upon the gaps between these categories in the base year of the plan. Several demographic and enrolment indicators can be used in setting enrolment targets. These are growth rate of population; growth rate of school age population or share of school age population to total population; share of girls in total child population; share of under age and over age children in total enrolment at a given level of education; Net Enrolment Ratio; growth rate of enrolment in the preceding year; and Net Intake Rate (NIR). It is important to note that plan targets for all major interventions need to beset at the lower level administrative unit. For example, in the national plan state (i. e. province) wise targets may be set or while planning at the state level district wise targets need to be set. Further the plan targets should be expressed both in terms of absolute figures as well as in terms of performance indicators, where ever applicable. Intervention Strategies and Activities After setting the targets the next step in planning is to evolve strategies to achieve the targets and therefore evolving intervention strategies to achieve the targets is another important aspect of plan formulation. The effort may be to highlight the interventions that will help to overcome the problems and constraints identified in the plan so as to ensure that the targets set are achieved. However, it is to be noted that the strategies evolved will have to address the identified problems and issues. While evolving the strategies important points to keep in view are: (i) in a decentralized planning any single strategy may not be uniformly operational or applicable indifferent areas and that is why probably for addressing a single problem one may have to envisage a set of strategies for a given context. ii) Many a times a single strategy may not be enough to address an issue or a problem and there will be a need to work out multiple strategies for addressing a single problem. (iii) All the problems and issues identified during the planning exercise must be tackled and intervention strategies should be worked out accordingly and there should thus be a linkage between the problems/issues identifie d and the intervention strategies developed for addressing them. Translating the strategies into programs and activities is the next step in the plan formulation. It is to be kept in view that a specific intervention strategy may require a number of programs to make it operational and effective. However a program may be an aggregation of various activities. It is therefore necessary to translate each and every strategy into activities and tasks. For example for improving access the strategy can be ‘opening of new schools’. However one of the activities under the strategy of opening new school may be ‘construction of school building’. But the activity of construction of school building has many tasks that are to be undertaken. These tasks may be (i) identification of school-less habitations; (ii)identification of habitations qualifying for opening schools; (iii) listing and prioritization of habitations; (iv) deciding about the number of schools to be opened;(v) identification of habitations where schools are to be opened; (vi) deciding the location/site of the school; (vii) acquiring site/transfer of land; (viii) identification of agency for construction and supervision; (ix) actual construction work; (x) monitoring and supervision of construction work and (xi) finishing and furnishing of school building. Next step in plan formulation is the sequencing and phasing of these activities and the tasks. It may be noted that some activities / tasks can be undertaken only in a sequential manner whereas some activities/tasks can be started simultaneously. For example, construction of school building and recruitment of teachers are the activities which can be undertaken simultaneously while actual construction of school building can not be done before deciding the site of the school, acquiring site, transfer of land and identification of agency for construction and supervision. Costing and Budget Preparation An important step in the plan formulation exercise is the costing and estimation of financial requirements to implement the plan. Translating the physical inputs into financial requirements is essential for funding purpose. All the activities and tasks identified, which have financial implication, are to be cost properly and budgeted adequately. Various steps that are involved in estimation of financial requirements are: (i) listing of all the activities to be undertaken (ii) classifying all these activities into two categories i. . activities having cost implications and activities which do not have cost implications; (iii) classifying the activities which have cost implications into recurring and non-recurring heads; (iv) working our the is another important aspect of plan formulation. The effort may be to highlight the interventions that will help to overcome the problems and constraints identified in the plan so as to ensure that the targets set are achieved. However, it is to be noted that the strategies evolved will have to address the identified problems and issues. While evolving the strategies important points to keep in view are: (i) in a decentralized planning any single strategy may not be uniformly operational or applicable indifferent areas and that is why probably for addressing a single problem one may have to envisage a set of strategies for a given context. (ii) Many a times a single strategy may not be enough to address an issue or a problem and there will be a need to work out multiple strategies for addressing a single problem. iii) All the problems and issues identified during the planning exercise must be tackled and intervention strategies should be worked out accordingly and there should thus be a linkage between the problems/issues identified and the intervention strategies developed for addressing them. Translating the strategies into programs and activities is the next step in the plan formulation. It is to be kept in view that a specific intervention strategy may require a number of programs to make it operational and effec tive. However a program may be an aggregation of various activities. It is therefore necessary to translate each and every strategy into activities and tasks. For example for improving access the strategy can be ‘opening of new schools’. However one of the activities under the strategy of opening new school may be ‘construction of school building’. But the activity of construction of school building has many tasks that are to be undertaken. These tasks may be (i) identification of school-less habitations; (ii)identification of habitations qualifying for opening schools; (iii) listing and prioritization of habitations; (iv) deciding about the number of schools to be opened;(v) identification of habitations where schools are to be opened; (vi) deciding the location/site of the school; (vii) acquiring site/transfer of land; (viii) identification of agency for construction and supervision; (ix) actual construction work; (x) monitoring and supervision of construction work and (xi) finishing and furnishing of school building. Next step in plan formulation is the sequencing and phasing of these activities and the tasks. It may be noted that some activities / tasks can be undertaken only in a sequential manner whereas some activities/tasks can be started simultaneously. For example, construction of school building and recruitment of teachers are the activities which can be undertaken simultaneously while actual construction of school building can not be done before deciding the site of the school, acquiring site, transfer of land and identification of agency for construction and supervision. Implementation Schedule and Monitoring Mechanism One of the important stages in planning exercise is detailing out the implementation plan. When planning at the lower levels, e. g. district level planning, implementation is part and parcel of planning activities. A plan document is incomplete if it does not contain detailed plan for implementation of the programs and projects that the plan contains. It thereby means that planning for implementation should be inbuilt in the plan document. A failure in the achievement of plan targets in the education sector is generally attributed to the lack of detailed planning for implementation. Planning for implementation facilitates the process of implementation of programs and projects by providing a sound mechanism of monitoring in the form of implementation schedule and it also increases the efficiency of the system by minimizing the costs of implementation of a given program or project. Planning for implementation makes it possible to critically analyze the activities of a given educational program and to develop an implementation schedule which can be used for monitoring the progress of implementation. There are certain steps that are necessary in planning for implementation of educational programs or projects. These are; listing of activities that make up the program; thinking through each of these activities; establishing inter-relationships between these activities; establishing a network; setting activity duration; determining material, equipment and human resource needs; deciding about time duration for the program implementation of each activity; identifying identical activities of the program which can not be overlooked without affecting the duration of the average cost of recurring activities and unit cost for non-recurring activities (v)estimation of costs separately under the recurring and non-recurring heads. While estimating the financial requirements for the Education Plan the recurring costs estimation may be on items such as salaries, training, maintenance of building, equipment, furniture, infrastructure, travel costs; stationary and consumables, contingencies, rents etc. Similarly the non-recurring cost estimation may be on items such as: construction of school building, additional classrooms, toilets, compound wall, equipments, furniture; infrastructure; vehicle etc. The aggregation of costs of all the activities and tasks under various strategies will give the total financial requirements of the plan. Allocation of resources to education is based on the budgets. Budgets are prepared annually to facilitate the resource allocation process. This implies that these activities are to be classified according to the year of beginning and completion of the activities. This may help in preparing the annual budgets. The budget should correspond to the activities indicated to be completed in that particular year. While estimating the cost requirements for the plan it is of utmost importance to keep in view the financial parameters fixed by the higher level decision making bodies with regard to Education Plans to be formulated at the lower levels. The costing of the plan must adhere to the ceilings on various items and other financial parameters prescribed by the approving body which may be the national (i. e. central) government and/or the provincial government. Negotiations, Appraisal and Approval The plans developed are draft plans till they are discussed and finally approved by the approving authorities. Since resources are to be allocated for implementation of plan, the negotiation process is very important. Many proposals in the plan may require financial allocation from the higher authorities. Hence the plan may become final only when they are discussed and finally approved by the authorities by approving budget and allocating funds as per requirements. The approving authorities look into the desirability of proposals and the feasibility of implementation of the plan. This is the process of negotiation between those who formulate the plan and those who have to finally approve the plan and budget. It is generally found that some cut in the proposed resource requirement is done by the authorities and in such case the plan need to be revised in the light of discussion. Based on the resources assured by the approving authorities, plan proposals are to be prioritized. After such re-prioritization so as to establish a link between what is proposed and the extent of resources available, the plan is finalized. In order to approve the plan the authorities, who have to approve the plan and budget, do generally like to do comprehensive review of the various aspects and components of program proposals. It is therefore seen whether the plan is technically sound, financially viable and justified and administratively feasible. This is done with the help of a team of experts who discuss the plan proposals at length with the planning team. This process is known as the appraisal of plan. Thus an important aspect of plan negotiation is appraisal through which the opinion of the experts is sought about the soundness and feasibility of plan proposals before it is finally approved for implementation. Negotiation is a process by which one can bargain for more resources. If the proposals made in the plan document are justified and the planning team is able to convince the authorities it is very likely that they may get more resources. However, if the plan proposals are weak and unconvincing the chances are that they may get less amount of resources. The soundness of the proposals which constitute a plan is an important consideration influencing the amount of resources allocated

Argumentative Essay

Argumentative Essay Argumentative Essay Argumentative Essay Argumentative essay must be developed on specific arguments.   It is a must.   Argumentative essay can be based on your personal opinion; however, it will be weak if you do not provide specific examples supporting your point of view.   From the first lines of your argumentative essay, your position on the discussed issue should be clear to the reader.   Nevertheless, it does not mean that you should not mention an opposite opinions.   On the contrary, your argumentative essay should include specific references to other side of the debate.   Writing an argumentative essay about smoking ban, for example, you should definitely think about both sides of the argument, choose the one you support, explain why it is right as well as mention why the other side is wrong.   If you use secondary sources (articles, journals, books, and the Internet), you must give a credit to the author - do not forget to cite everything you use! Writing an Argumentative Essay Writing an essay you must avoid plagiarism!   Your argumentative essay must be written in your own words.   Take into account that paraphrasing is the same as plagiarism!   Plan your time wisely to avoid rush.   It is possible to write a good argumentative essay overnight for an experienced writer; but it is hardly achievable for an average student.   Thus, give yourself at least a couple of days to write, structure, and revise your argumentative essay.   Do not forget about argumentative essay editing - ask your friend or a parent to read your essay aloud. Does it sound convincing?   Does it flow logically? Argumentative Essay Writing Every step of argumentative essay writing must be carefully reviewed.   You cannot simply submit an essay without even reading it for the second time.   Usually, there are many mistakes you may not have noticed. For example, you had an idea in mind but did not express it clearly or omitted the word.   Such mistakes are not very serious but they will definitely affect your grade negatively.   Ordering custom writing service, you receive perfect argumentative essay written by experienced writer.   You may ask for revisions and amendments as many times as you want.   Argumentative essay is very interesting to write but it becomes a real challenge if you do not know how to start writing it.

Employee motivation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Employee motivation - Essay Example This is because the workers feel safe in an environment that is tightly controlled by management. On the other hand, theory Y workers are self-motivated to perform their job responsibilities to the best of their abilities. For these workers, their work is simply an extension of themselves. If they perform poorly in the workplace, then they feel that it reflects badly on them as a person. In business organizations that contain many employees of this type, very little instruction is required from top management because the employees are naturally motivated to perform their tasks and use creative thinking to do so. No matter which type of employees an organization deals with, there needs to be incentives offered that will encourage employees to strive to do their best. An individual goal for an employee could be a bonus depending on how many sales they make in a month. For employees who are not involved in the sales department, this could be translated as how many units of production they do. The added figure to their salaries would be a small percentage based on their work output. Another way could be to offer a promotion if they meet certain company goals. This could be by assigning them to be a manager of a new franchise or factory. Quite naturally, this would result in an increase of pay. For the organization as a whole, the employees can receive a rise in salary based on the total output of the firm. This encourages employees to work well together because it will affect everyone if there is conflict in the workplace. For organizations with a diverse group of employees, the advantage is two-fold: the employees are handsomely compensated for their work, while the total output of the firm increases due to there being less conflict among employees. However, there would need to be an appropriate measure to judge whether some employees are not performing as they should. Any group-based reward system needs to have checks and balances so that no one is

Critical Analysis of Turkey's Accession to the European Union Research Paper

Critical Analysis of Turkey's Accession to the European Union - Research Paper Example This essay will involve significant barriers and issues that have stood in the way of Turkey like human rights, law and other reforms they need to undertake. After this, the paper will try to predict the possibilities of EU entry for Turkey. The origins of the European Union can be traced back to the 1951 Treaty of Paris which established the European Coal and Steel Community. This came after the lack of cooperation and the alignment of old enemies in Europe had culminated in the two World Wars. The Second World War saw the utter destruction of the most civilized continent on the planet. The subsequent formation of the United Nations with the view of promoting human rights and global security formed the framework which gave the impetus for cooperation between nations in sub-regions. This paper stresses that the European Union is a supranational organization which is meant to build a common future for its member states through the coordination of policies within these nations. The European Union focuses on International Economic Integration of member states and this is done through free trade, customs unions, common markets and economic unions. The European Union is made up of people with majorities that are linguistically Indo-European and religiously Christians . Only Estonia is the nation that does not have these two features in its majority population. The enlargement of the European Union is done on a case-by-case basis. ... ean Union focuses on International Economic Integration of member states and this is done through free trade, customs unions, common markets and economic unions5. The primary goal or finalite politique of the European Union is to create a Federal Europe committed to welfare, security and prosperity to its member states and citizens6. This implies that the European Union is mainly focused on promoting important changes in the social and economic well being through the sharing of commonalities and the promotion of trade and other activities that promote wealth generation and economic growth. Culturally, the European Union is made up of people with majorities that are linguistically Indo-European and religiously Christians7. Only Estonia is the nation that does not have these two features in its majority population8. Entry to the European Union Although Turkey has strong connections to the European Union in both the historical and geographical sense, it is officially not a member of the European Union. This is because there are some important entry rules that all aspiring nations need to adhere to. Turkey's position on this subject wavers and they have to adjust to meet most of them. Traditionally, the enlargement of the European Union is done on a case-by-case basis9. This is because before a member state joins, members in good standing will need to examine their status and acceptability before granting them the right to accede into the Union. A notable case is that of the United Kingdom which had its application for membership vetoed by Charles de Gaulle's France on several occasions. However, in the case of the Central and Eastern European Countries (CEECs), the extension was done through a systematic approach where a group of aspiring member states were given some

How can Bulgaria sustain its intellectual capital Essay Example for Free

How can Bulgaria sustain its intellectual capital Essay The entrepreneurship success of a country can be borne through investment in intellectual capital but its sustainability depends mainly on political and economic factors. Bulgaria is one country with a lush intellectual capital featured through valuable capabilities of individuals and enterprises. Worth noting is that entrepreneurship is a tool for wealth creation that benefits both the individuals and the country. For instance, the US is known for its entrepreneur-friendly environment that encourages growth of small businesses for wealth creation. Bulgaria also needs to seek ways through which it can sustain its intellectual capital for further entrepreneurship stimulation and subsequent wealth creation. The purpose of this dissertation is to compare Bulgaria to Sweden (a country in the Nordic region) and the UK (a country in Western Europe) in terms of entrepreneurial success. Importantly, economical and political factors that affect entrepreneurship in these regions are discussed and a reference is made on the US Silicon Valley’s entrepreneurship stimulating strategies. The main aspects that the article considers include the education system, fiscal stimulus and immigration in relation to entrepreneurship. Bulgaria: Brief Background Bulgaria, a lower-middle income nation is situated in the Eastern Europe and currently faces a transitional economic period with growth expectations (Manolova, et al. 2007; Georgieva, 1999; Emerson, 2005) and establishment of a civil society. The country orients towards adopting a market economy and democratic institutions, and therefore human capital acquisition is vital for this process. Buckwalter (1995) asserts that leaders in Bulgaria and the Eastern Europe at large face a dilemma between the need to increase massive production and wealth, and to align this with political, economical and humanitarian agendas. For over 40 years from the 1940s to 1989, the Communism rule ignored the private sector of Bulgaria’s economy and market liberalization and economic and institutional reforms were only realized in the 1990’s after the Berlin Wall’s fall (Manolova et al. 2007 ). Bulgaria is therefore transiting from the centrally planned Soviet-kind Communism that enhanced spatial egalitarianism to a market economy characterized by several entrepreneurial ventures Furthermore; the education sector in Bulgaria has since invested in intellectual capital where industrious youth are encouraged to attend schools to study entrepreneurship. Importantly, most of the higher education institutes for instance Sofia University, incorporated comprehensive entrepreneurship studies in their curricular (Nikolava, 2006). According to Buckwalter (1995) possibility of economic inequality in the region is possible because of various entrepreneurship activities in Bulgaria. Nikolaeva (2006), however, sees the practice as an adjustment of Bulgaria to the market and the Europe but at the same time a preservation of Bulgaria’s national identity. Impact of political, economic and academic factors on entrepreneurship in Bulgaria The abrupt yet peaceful political transition from Communist’s rule to coalition government rule, under a parliamentary democracy after independence, stimulated business law changes in Bulgaria (Buckwalter, 1995) and entrepreneurship emerged. However, as expected of a transitional economy, resources deficiencies especially in terms of finance (Manolova et al. 2007), limits the expression of intellectual capabilities through business and wealth creation. Communists included both a social and spatial sense egalitarianism ideology when planning for goals. Central economic planning entailed industrial spatial dispersion which however encountered prolonged inefficiencies that related to the administration and the infrastructure. Additionally, goal geared towards spatial dispersion conflicted with those of effective resources use and hence tampered with increased production (Buckwalter, 1995). As much as spatial inequality prevailed in the later decades of the Communism rule, Buckwalter (1995) suggests that the first two decades of the Communist rule experienced a proportionate regional equality when the 1952 index of per capita retail sales is an evidence to go by. The Communism rule however, led to the diminished primacy of Sophia, the largest Bulgarian city, while medium-sized cities received relative gains due to population shifts from Sophia. This is suspected to be as a result of government policies that imposed standard employment and income distribution based on relative egalitarian ideology. The economic activities were therefore dispersed and urbanization became rampant with that of Sophia declining to almost equalize with that of other cities. However in the final Communist era, regional inequality prevailed when capital fund distribution in cooperative enterprise and the states were unequally distributed and Sophia almost doubled the Rousse per capita investment. Buckwalter (1995) asserts that northern and central cities of Bulgaria were less favored compared to cities like Varna, Bourga and the Black Sea districts. Buckwalter (1995) assumes that these activities occurring in the Communists’ era alleviated the regional inequality in Eastern Europe but efforts to eliminate them resulted to an alteration of economic activities distribution and hence leading to regional equality. However, Buckwalter (1995) assures that the fall of Communism led to the resurgence of regional inequality in Eastern Europe and especially contributed by Bulgaria where immense entrepreneurial activity is taking place in the region. In the effort to bring about social and economic change in this transiting economy, universities are enforced with the responsibility of imparting intellectual capital to students, and transformation of the higher education models began in 1990 with institutional reforms (Georgieva, 1999). In the market conditions of the Communism era, Totalitarianism University models were enhanced to provide graduates who fit in the job functions of the centrally planned conditions of the economy. The totalitarian university institutions entailed limited specialization and rigid differentiation, focusing mainly on technology and engineering. Nikolaeva (2006) confirms that politicization of academic institutions isolated them from networking at international levels. However, with new competitive market conditions that prevail in current Bulgaria, the academic sector is under pressure to provide graduates who can fit in social capital development ventures. The current higher education models showcase complexities and are diversified to incorporate missions that reflect knowledge advancement through professional competencies provision in various disciplines. According to Nikaloeva, (2006) the quest for social and economic liberation led to an increased valuation of education among the Bulgarians and young industrious citizens were sent to Europe’s recognized institutions through funds raised voluntarily in the community. Changes that occurred in Bulgaria’s higher education system which encouraged market liberalization include the lifting of Communists’ ideologies and depoliticization of university curricula, a comprehensive investment in research and humanities entailed with newer classification systems of credentials, expansion and increase of the institutions as well as aligning and harmonizing them with international standards. Manolova et al. (2007) applies the expectancy theory to indicate the economic growth expectations of Bulgaria. Outside advice, networking and perceived benefits are some of the outlined aspects thought to promote the entrepreneur spirit in the region. Manolova et al. (2007) indicate that private businesses were legalized in Bulgaria in 1988 and the number of nascent entrepreneurs rose in the 1990s to about 5 percent of the adult population and therefore catching up with that of the developed nations. Entrepreneurship practiced by small to medium-sized private firms in Central Europe accounts for about 50 to 60 percent of the GDP just like in the industrialized western countries (Manolova et al. 006). Bulgaria has therefore a chance to benefit from entrepreneurship since it has been cited as the core instrument for job creation, wealth production and social change (Nikolaeva, 2006; Manolova et al. 2007; Georgieva, 1999). However, the growth and sustenance of Bulgaria’s intellect capital in enterprises depends on public policy aspects and managerial concerns. Buckwalter (1995) points out that concerning location decision of firms, entrepreneurs in Bulgaria need to shift from motivated planners who are ideological to motivated planners who are market owners or managers. Before discussing the measures that Bulgaria needs to do put in place to sustain its intellectual capital, the entrepreneurial success of Sweden and the UK will be discussed. Enterpreneual Success of Sweden (Nordic Region) Norm entrepreneurship in the Nordic region is a foreign policy that gives the small Nordic states power to involve in international politics (Bjorkdahl, 2007). Sweden and other countries in the Nordic region are recognized globally from entrepreneurship and are likely to be given a platform to comment on issues affecting the international politics arena, based on this. This is in contrast to Bulgaria, who, despite of eminence in entrepreneurship, is not considered influential in international matters. This can be argued from the fact that the prominent Communism era detached Bulgaria from the rest of the Europe region. Bjorkdahl, (2007) argues that Sweden does not possess a high amount of natural economic and military resources enough to influence international phenomenon like peace but Sweden does this through political capital, norm building ability and moral authority that prevails in the country. Government policies, state involvement and economic policies determine the entrepreneurial success of a country. According to Parker, (2006), comparative economic has currently shifted from outcomes on macroeconomic levels to focus on knowledge and innovation. Therefore, entrepreneurial success is possible with a high intellectual capacity. However, Parker (2006) cites Sweden as a country whose regulatory environment nature, institutional infrastructure and politics discourage the entrepreneurship culture. Sweden however is economically famous for possession of large firms. Sweden’s domestic compensation policy entails market liberalism where international economic policies influence the changes in the domestic economy structure. The advantage of Sweden over Bulgaria is that Sweden’s market economy is highly coordinated but critics argue that the coordination results from arrangements that are non- market and non- institutionalized (Parker, 2006). Although not as low as Bulgaria, Sweden also has low number of employees in the firms. It can be argued that Sweden’s entrepreneurship is more organized as compared to that of Bulgarians but entrepreneur support is less exhibited. High taxation practices and rigid taxation rules are some of the practices that hinder entrepreneurship in Sweden. Instead, large scale firms in Sweden have policies of maintaining employees and stakeholders through stock options. This kills the morale of entrepreneurship because the employees still benefit even when they have not contributed to innovation and technological advancement of the country. In Sweden and the Nordic region at large, the entrepreneur takes all the risk when starting a business, a factor that brings fear to hardworking entrepreneurs who feel that trends in the international economy may affect their firms negatively. When compared to an established entrepreneur culture like that of the Silicon Valley in the US, the venture capital that Sweden grants to the entrepreneurs is very limited. Moreover, university students in Sweden find entrepreneurial careers to be less lucrative and therefore get involved more on the white collar jobs, no wonder the large scale firms establishment. This is as opposed to the US where most university students are likely to venture in entrepreneurship with full support from the government (Cook, Joseph, 2001). Bulgaria seems to be more likely to be successful in the entrepreneurship economy when the education system is considered, but it needs firmer support from the political and economic policies. The Silicon state in the US therefore serves as a better example of how entrepreneurship is supported for individual development and wealth creation. The United Kingdom (Western Europe) Entrepreneurship spans the creation and transmission of knowledge which can lead to individual wealth creating ventures or partnership of knowledge bearers who work together for the same involvement. According to D’Este and Fontana (2007), several higher education institutes in the UK have started to incorporate and support entrepreneurship careers in their curricular. This is because entrepreneurship has been associated with increased and improved innovations and technology advancement, which are promoted when industries and universities collaborate. However, Thurik (2003) relates the high unemployment rates experienced in the UK to lack of entrepreneurship and inadequate industrial infrastructure and attributes the reduced employment rates in the period of 1980s to 1990s to entrepreneurship. The UK has therefore had a shift from entrepreneurial culture, to non enterprising and again back to enterprising because of the perceived benefits. Davenport, (2006) points to the need for technological innovations and changing market environments as the driving factors behind entrepreneurship in the UK today. However, just like in the Nordic region, entrepreneurship in the UK is considered is considered mostly as an informal venture and less likely to receive support from established political and economic policies as well as reduce motivation for those aspiring to be entrepreneurs. UK identifies the importance of entrepreneurship but has been slow in its full support (Branback, 2008). For the creation of entrepreneurial firms that can turn out as successful as those of the Silicon Valley, government support is needed as well as education systems that motivate enterprising (Hildebrand, 2005; Maliraja, 2003).

death of a salesman Essay -- essays research papers

In the play, Death of a Salesman by Arthur Miller, Linda Loman’s character is viewed differently by many people. Some critics have seen Linda as a â€Å"controlling mother figure† who is actually the one to blame for this failure of both her sons and her husband. In this report I will defend this view citing specific examples from the play. Linda was undoubtedly the only one in control throughout the play. I believe that Linda tried to be a good mother and wife but she did not really know what she was doing. At the very beginning of the book we see that Willy, on his way to Boston, has come home because he was unable to concentrate on the road. And just as he was beginning to figure out why, she took his mind off the subject by suggesting that the problem was with the car’s steering and not with him. â€Å"Oh. Maybe it’s the steering again. I don’t think Angelo knows the Studebaker.†. And again: â€Å"Maybe it’s your glasses. You nev er went for your new glasses.†. By repeatedly doing this throughout the play Linda keeps Willy from facing the truth about himself. Also Linda gives Willy undeserved compliments, agreeing with him on his looks and ambition.; meanwhile, he has no true ambition. This causes Willy to build himself up into a great man. Another example of this is when Willy goes to see Howard Wagner about getting a job at home or at least close to home. While we realize how unlikely it is that Willy will get his wish, Willy does not realize this and Linda, who I believe is smart eno...

Advantage and Disadvantage Democracy Essay

I went to Shannon Vile for a special holiday. I stayed there for two days. In the last day of my trip, I went to the beach again. The view of the sea was extremely beautiful. I walked alone along the beach to absorb the fresh air from the sea. The beach was absolutely beautiful and had a lot of brilliant people on the beach. Some people played volleyball and some people walked along the beach like me. When I reached a small coffee shop, I felt thirsty.In the coffee shop had a lot of people, but among them had a beautiful lady who wore a red hat and black glasses. She sat alone and watched a photo. When I came next to her, I found that the person on the photo was me. I wondered why she got my photo. At first, I thought that she was my friend. When I saw her face, I knew clearly that she was not my friend. I asked her why she got this photo. She said that she got it when she walked along the street and it was on her way, so she picked it up. She was very friendly. We had a conversation for hours.She had many things in common with me. We had fun together and she said that it was a hilarious that she has never met before. We felt delighted and enjoyed our talking in the beautiful beach. Since then, she became my best friend and we have good relationship with each other until present time. Experience of Being Alone In the Forest Last month, I had a Journey to the forest. I went there alone and I brought some foods with me. To reach the middle of the forest took about two hours. I felt extremely exhausted. When I reached the middle of the forest, I decided to have a top.The landscape In the forest was wonderful and there were many big trees. I had lunch alone in the forest and I took a nap for ten minutes after the lunch time. After taking a nap, I read a book. The title of the book was â€Å"Watch Out of the BeÐ’Â «. When I read this book, I knew some strategies to protect myself from the bears. I came into the forest because I wanted to have a brilliant experi ence of being alone in the forest. I was reading and eating at the same time. While I was reading, I heard a strange sound behind me. I looked around but I did not see anything.I only saw the big trees surround me. I continued my reading for five minutes. I heard the strange sound again. Immediately, I turned back and I saw a big bear behind me. It seemed like a cruel bear. I felt nervous and I did not know how to do. The big bear wanted to attack me, but I tried my best to escape from this bad situation. I ran and screamed without turning back to find the safety place that the bear could not find. After that I knew that I had left my leather bag and everything there. So after this event, I have

An Overview of Project Finance and Infrastructure

In the United States s alone, firms financed d S 19 billion o of capital expo punctures using project finance loans and bonds in n 2009, down n from $39 billion in 2008 and $47 billion n in 2007. The he economic crisis, which h began as a housing h crisis in the U. S. In n 2007 and SP bread globally y in 2008 and d 2009, froze g global capita al markets, cue retailed bank k lending, and d dramatically reduced p project finance lending. Of or this reason n, it makes sense to look k back at 2007, when thee credit mark sets were pop pen and liquid did, to understand the relative import once of project finance.In the U. S. , firm ms financed $447 billion of capital expense indentures using g project final once in 2007-?much less the Han the $1 , 1 266 billion corp. orate bond m market, the $9 44 billion MO Ortega-backed security market, the $8898 billion asset-backed security market, and the $3 359 billion tax x-free municipal bond ma racket. Yet com marred to fin Nanning much humanism f or new or start-u up companies, the $47 billion invested in project companies w was larger the Han the $46 b raised d through initial public offerings (IPSO) and the $332 billion NV vested in new w firms by venture al funds. Private-sector firms have historically used project fin nuance for mind distrust projects such as m mines, pipelines, and oil fields. Begin inning in the early asses, h however, privy ate firms also began financing infrastructure projects such ass toll roads, power plants, and telecoms immunization NSA systems. B More recently, in the 20 Coos, private firms have begun to fin nuance social infrastructure projects us such as shoo Owls, hospitals, and prisons.Studies on economic development find d that infrastructure investment is associated with as much as one-for-one percentage increases in g gross domestic product (G GAP), though GHz recent stud dies indicate that every dollar d of increased infrastructure spend ending generates an a Information on some e of the se and other projects ca n be found in Benjamin C. Zesty, Modern Project Finance: A C Casebook (New Jersey: Wiley, 200 04). B The infrastructure sector includes WA eater, transportation, electricity, n natural gas, and d telecommunications projects.In n these types of o projects the users of the project or the buyers off the output or eservice are typically individuals rather than companies. Professor or Benjamin C. Est. y and Senior Researcher Aledo Asses off the Global Research Group prepared this note as the basis for class discussion. Copying get 2010, 2011 President and Fellow was of Harvard College. To order copies or request perm session to reproduce materials, call 1-?800-5457685, write Harvard Busing news School Publish hinge, Boston, MA 021 63, or go to www www. Hubs. Harvard. Deed/educators.The his publication may y not be digitized d, photocopied, or otherwise reproduce cued, posted, or trans insisted, without the permission Of H Harvard Business S School. This document is authorized for use only by Bogie Ghana in Financial Management taught by Seward, at University of Wisconsin – Madison from January 201 5 to July 2015. 210-061 An Overview of Project Finance and Infrastructure Finance-? 2009 update increase of $1. 59 in GAP. Country-specific studies of development find that inadequate infrastructure severely hinders economic growth.For example, insufficient or irregular power supply reduces GAP by 1% to 2% in India, Pakistan, Colombia, and Uganda. 3 Despite the growing demand and opportunities for private-sector involvement in building infrastructure, private firms still provide only a small fraction of the total amount invested, which is a small fraction of the total project demand. Indeed, many governments have announced multimillion-dollar stimulus packages with a heavy emphasis on infrastructure spending as a way to stimulate growth during the current lobar recession.

Post Secondary Education for Adults Returning to Study Essay Example

Post Secondary Education for Adults Returning to Study Essay Example Post Secondary Education for Adults Returning to Study Essay Post Secondary Education for Adults Returning to Study Essay Essay Topic: Adults  ²f à ³Ãƒ ®urà ¥ n dult whà ®  ³s à ±Ãƒ ®ns ³dà ¥r ³ng post secondary à ¥duà ±t ³Ãƒ ®n nd gà ®Ã‚ ³ng bà ±k tà ® à ±Ãƒ ®llà ¥gà ¥, whà ¥thà ¥r  ³ts tà ® rà ¥m ³n à ±Ãƒ ®mà °Ãƒ ¥t ³t ³và ¥  ³n à ³Ãƒ ®ur f ³Ãƒ ¥ld, dvnà ±Ãƒ ¥  ³n à ³Ãƒ ®ur à ±rà ¥Ãƒ ¥r à ®r là ¥rn nà ¥w sk ³lls, à ³Ãƒ ®urà ¥ nà ®t là ®nà ¥.  ²ts à ¥st ³mtà ¥d tht rà ¥Ãƒ ±Ãƒ ®rd 21.8 m ³ll ³Ãƒ ®n studà ¥nts rà ¥ ttà ¥nd ³ng mà ¥r ³Ãƒ ±n à ±Ãƒ ®llà ¥gà ¥s nd un ³và ¥rs ³t ³Ãƒ ¥s th ³s fll nd rà ®ughlà ³ 8.7 m ³ll ³Ãƒ ®n à ®f thà ¥m rà ¥ à ®ldà ¥r studà ¥nts, gà ¥s 25 nd uà °. Dà ¥tà ¥rm ³n ³ng hà ®w tà ® blnà ±Ãƒ ¥ wà ®rk, fm ³là ³, à °Ãƒ ¥rsà ®nl à °ss ³Ãƒ ®ns nd à ®thà ¥r grà ®wnuà ° dà ¥mnds w ³th à ±Ãƒ ®llà ¥gà ¥ à ±Ãƒ ®ursà ¥s à ±n bà ¥ à ±hllà ¥ng ³ng fà ®r dults whà ® rà ¥turn tà ® sà ±hà ®Ãƒ ®l. nà ®thà ¥r à ±hllà ¥ngà ¥ fà ®r mnà ³  ³s dà ¥tà ¥rm ³n ³ng hà ®w tà ® à °Ãƒ ³ fà ®r thà ®sà ¥ à ±rà ¥d ³ts rà ¥grdlà ¥ss à ®f whà ¥thà ¥r à ³Ãƒ ®urà ¥ st ³ll wà ®rk ³ng nd à ¥rn ³ng  ³nà ±Ãƒ ®mà ¥, rà ¥turn ³ng tà ® sà ±hà ®Ãƒ ®l duà ¥ tà ® là ³-à ®ff à ®r à ±hà ®Ãƒ ®s ³ng tà ® tkà ¥ brà ¥k  ³n à ³Ãƒ ®ur à ±rà ¥Ãƒ ¥r. Ã’hà ¥ gà ®Ãƒ ®d nà ¥ws  ³s tht thà ¥rà ¥ rà ¥ vr ³Ãƒ ¥tà ³ à ®f rà ¥sà ®urà ±Ãƒ ¥s v ³lblà ¥ tà ® à ³Ãƒ ®u. s à ³Ãƒ ®u là ®Ãƒ ®k t wà ³s tà ® mkà ¥  ³t ll wà ®rk, hà ¥rà ¥ rà ¥ fà ¥w stà ¥Ãƒ °s à ³Ãƒ ®u mà ³ tkà ¥:  · Ã’h ³nk th ³ngs thrà ®ugh Whà ¥thà ¥r à ³Ãƒ ®u à °ln tà ® stà ³  ³n à ³Ãƒ ®ur à ±rà ¥Ãƒ ¥r f ³Ãƒ ¥ld à ®r tà ® à ¥ntà ¥r nà ¥w à ®nà ¥, à ±rà ¥fullà ³ rà ¥sà ¥rà ±h wht à ³Ãƒ ®u à ±n à ¥Ãƒ µÃƒ °Ãƒ ¥Ãƒ ±t tà ® mkà ¥.  ½trt bà ³ us ³ng n à ®nl ³nà ¥ slrà ³ à ±là ±ultà ®r fà ®r bllà °rk slrà ³ f ³gurà ¥s  ³n à ³Ãƒ ®ur gà ¥Ãƒ ®grà °h ³Ãƒ ±l rà ¥g ³Ãƒ ®n. Dà ®Ã‚ ³ng sà ® à ±n hà ¥là ° à ³Ãƒ ®u mkà ¥ rà ¥l ³st ³Ãƒ ± à ±hà ®Ã‚ ³Ãƒ ±Ãƒ ¥s à ®n hà ®w tà ® à °Ãƒ ³ fà ®r à ³Ãƒ ®ur à ¥duà ±t ³Ãƒ ®n nd à ¥nsurà ¥ tht à ³Ãƒ ®u dà ®nt sà °Ãƒ ¥nd mà ®rà ¥ thn à ³Ãƒ ®u à ±n à ±Ãƒ ®mfà ®rtblà ³ ffà ®rd.  ²f à ³Ãƒ ®u à ±hà ®Ãƒ ®sà ¥ tà ® usà ¥ là ®ns tà ® à °Ãƒ ³ tu ³t ³Ãƒ ®n,  ³t mà ³ bà ¥ gà ®Ãƒ ®d à °rà ±t ³Ãƒ ±Ãƒ ¥ tà ® bà ®rrà ®w ssum ³ng tht à ³Ãƒ ®ur slrà ³ wà ®nt  ³nà ±rà ¥sà ¥ s ³gn ³f ³Ãƒ ±ntlà ³ sà ® tht nà ³ à °Ãƒ ³  ³nà ±rà ¥sà ¥ à ³Ãƒ ®u dà ® g ³n à ±n fund f ³nnà ±Ã‚ ³l gà ®ls à ®thà ¥r thn à °Ãƒ ³Ã‚ ³ng bà ±k là ®ns.  · Là ®Ãƒ ®k t à ³Ãƒ ®ur tà ®tl à ¥Ãƒ µÃƒ °Ãƒ ¥nsà ¥s lthà ®ugh à ³Ãƒ ®u mà ³ nà ®t hvà ¥ à ±mà °us hà ®us ³ng à ±Ãƒ ®sts, à ³Ãƒ ®u à ±Ãƒ ®uld  ³nà ±ur à ®thà ¥r à ¥duà ±t ³Ãƒ ®n-rà ¥ltà ¥d à ¥Ãƒ µÃƒ °Ãƒ ¥nsà ¥s suà ±h s tà ¥Ãƒ ±hnà ®là ®gà ³ fà ¥Ãƒ ¥s, trnsà °Ãƒ ®rtt ³Ãƒ ®n nd à °rk ³ng à ®r à ±h ³ldà ±rà ¥. Ã’lk w ³th n dm ³ss ³Ãƒ ®ns à ±Ãƒ ®unsà ¥là ®r tà ® sà ¥Ãƒ ¥ wht à ±Ãƒ ®sts à ³Ãƒ ®u shà ®uld nt ³Ãƒ ±Ã‚ ³Ãƒ °tà ¥ nd whà ¥thà ¥r thà ¥Ãƒ ³ hvà ¥ sà ¥rv ³Ãƒ ±Ãƒ ¥s à ®r à °rà ®grms tht à ³Ãƒ ®u mà ³ tkà ¥ dvntgà ¥ tà ® hà ¥là ° w ³th thà ¥sà ¥  ³nà ±Ã‚ ³dà ¥ntls.  · à °Ãƒ °là ³ fà ®r fà ¥dà ¥rl  ³d Fà ¥dà ¥rl  ½tudà ¥nt  ³d, à °rt à ®f thà ¥ U. ½. Dà ¥Ãƒ °rtmà ¥nt à ®f Ã…duà ±t ³Ãƒ ®n,  ³s thà ¥ lrgà ¥st à °rà ®v ³dà ¥r à ®f studà ¥nt f ³nnà ±Ã‚ ³l  ³d  ³n thà ¥ nt ³Ãƒ ®n. F ³nnà ±Ã‚ ³l  ³d  ³snt  ¼ust fà ®r f ³rst t ³mà ¥ studà ¥nts.  ²t à °rà ®v ³dà ¥s grnts, là ®ns nd wà ®rk-studà ³ funds tà ® qul ³f ³Ãƒ ¥d studà ¥nts ttà ¥nd ³ng à ±Ãƒ ®llà ¥gà ¥ à ®r à ±rà ¥Ãƒ ¥r sà ±hà ®Ãƒ ®l. Ã’Ã ® là ¥rn mà ®rà ¥ à ®r tà ® à ±Ãƒ ®mà °là ¥tà ¥ thà ¥ Frà ¥Ãƒ ¥ à °Ãƒ °l ³Ãƒ ±t ³Ãƒ ®n fà ®r Fà ¥dà ¥rl  ½tudà ¥nt  ³d (FF ½) fà ®rm, v ³s ³t ffs.à ¥d.gà ®v. ?à ¥Ãƒ ¥Ãƒ °  ³n m ³nd tht sà ®mà ¥ f ³nnà ±Ã‚ ³l  ³d  ³s wrdà ¥d à ®n f ³rst-à ±Ãƒ ®mà ¥, f ³rst-sà ¥rvà ¥ bs ³s, sà ®  ³ts bà ¥ttà ¥r tà ® à °Ãƒ °là ³ sà ®Ãƒ ®nà ¥r thn ltà ¥r.  ·  ½Ãƒ ¥rà ±h fà ®r sà ±hà ®lrsh ³Ãƒ °s Yà ®u mà ³ bà ¥ surà °r ³sà ¥d tà ® là ¥rn tht mnà ³ sà ±hà ®lrsh ³Ãƒ ° à °rà ®grms dà ®nt hvà ¥ n uà °wrd gà ¥ l ³m ³t. Whts mà ®rà ¥, thà ¥rà ¥ rà ¥ sà ±hà ®lrsh ³Ãƒ °s sà °Ãƒ ¥Ãƒ ±Ã‚ ³f ³Ãƒ ±llà ³ fà ®r dult studà ¥nts. lsà ® à ±Ãƒ ®ns ³dà ¥r tlk ³ng w ³th à ³Ãƒ ®ur à ¥mà °là ®Ãƒ ³Ãƒ ¥r nd sà ±hà ®Ãƒ ®l dm ³ss ³Ãƒ ®ns à ±Ãƒ ®unsà ¥là ®r à ®r à °rà ®grm d ³rà ¥Ãƒ ±tà ®r tà ® f ³nd à ®ut whà ¥thà ¥r à ³Ãƒ ®u qul ³fà ³ fà ®r nà ³ sà ±hà ®lrsh ³Ãƒ °s, d ³sà ±Ãƒ ®unts à ®r tu ³t ³Ãƒ ®n rà ¥Ã‚ ³mbursà ¥mà ¥nt à °rà ®grms thà ¥Ãƒ ³ à ®ffà ¥r.  ²f à ³Ãƒ ®uvà ¥ bà ¥Ãƒ ¥n l ³d à ®ff, à ±hà ¥Ãƒ ±k w ³th à ³Ãƒ ®ur fà ®rmà ¥r à ±Ãƒ ®mà °nà ³s à R dà ¥Ãƒ °rtmà ¥nt tà ® f ³nd à ®ut  ³f thà ¥Ãƒ ³ w ³ll dd à ¥duà ±t ³Ãƒ ®n à ®r rà ¥tr ³n ³ng bà ¥nà ¥f ³ts tà ® à ³Ãƒ ®ur sà ¥và ¥rnà ±Ãƒ ¥ à °Ãƒ ±kgà ƒ ¥.  · Dà ¥tà ¥rm ³nà ¥  ³f à ³Ãƒ ®u qul ³fà ³ fà ®r tà µ à ±rà ¥d ³ts Ã’hà ¥rà ¥ rà ¥ twà ® tà µ à ±rà ¥d ³ts tht mà ³ bà ¥nà ¥f ³t à ³Ãƒ ®u. Ã’hà ¥ f ³rst, thà ¥ mà ¥r ³Ãƒ ±n ÃŽÃ °Ãƒ °Ãƒ ®rtun ³tà ³ Ã’Ã µ Ñrà ¥d ³t, à ±urrà ¥ntlà ³ à ®ffà ¥rs uà ° tà ® $2,500 à ®f thà ¥ à ±Ãƒ ®st à ®f tu ³t ³Ãƒ ®n, fà ¥Ãƒ ¥s nd à ±Ãƒ ®ursà ¥ mtà ¥r ³ls à °Ã‚ ³d dur ³ng thà ¥ tà µblà ¥ à ³Ãƒ ¥r fà ®r à ¥Ãƒ ±h à ®f thà ¥ f ³rst fà ®ur à ³Ãƒ ¥rs à ®f à °Ãƒ ®st-sà ¥Ãƒ ±Ãƒ ®ndrà ³ à ¥duà ±t ³Ãƒ ®n (wh ³là ¥ à ¥nrà ®llà ¥d t là ¥st à °rt-t ³mà ¥). lsà ®, 40 à °Ãƒ ¥rà ±Ãƒ ¥nt à ®f thà ¥ à ±rà ¥d ³t (uà ° tà ® $1,000)  ³s rà ¥fundblà ¥ fà ®r qul ³fà ³Ã‚ ³ng tà µÃƒ °Ãƒ ³Ãƒ ¥rs à ¥và ¥n  ³f à ³Ãƒ ®u à ®wà ¥ nà ® tà µ. Ã’hà ¥ sà ¥Ãƒ ±Ãƒ ®nd, thà ¥ L ³fà ¥t ³mà ¥ Là ¥rn ³ng Ñrà ¥d ³t, à ®ffà ¥rs uà ° tà ® $2,000 à °Ãƒ ¥r rà ¥turn tà ® stud à ¥nts whà ® rà ¥ tk ³ng à ®nà ¥ à ®r mà ®rà ¥ à °Ãƒ ®st-sà ¥Ãƒ ±Ãƒ ®ndrà ³ à ¥duà ±t ³Ãƒ ®n nd à ±Ãƒ ®ursà ¥s tà ® à ±qu ³rà ¥ à ®r  ³mà °rà ®và ¥  ¼Ãƒ ®b sk ³lls. Fà ®r hà ¥là ° dà ¥tà ¥rm ³n ³ng à ³Ãƒ ®ur à ¥l ³g ³b ³l ³tà ³, nd fà ®r  ³nfà ®rmt ³Ãƒ ®n bà ®ut à ®thà ¥r à ¥duà ±t ³Ãƒ ®n-rà ¥ltà ¥d tà µ bà ¥nà ¥f ³ts, v ³s ³t  ³rs.gà ®v.  ·  ½Ãƒ ¥t uà ° 529 à °ln 529 à °ln  ³s n à ¥duà ±t ³Ãƒ ®nl sv ³ng à °ln à ®Ãƒ °Ãƒ ¥rtà ¥d bà ³ sttà ¥ à ®r à ¥duà ±t ³Ãƒ ®nl  ³nst ³tut ³Ãƒ ®n. Dà ¥s ³gnà ¥d tà ® hà ¥là ° fm ³l ³Ãƒ ¥s sà ¥t s ³dà ¥ funds fà ®r futurà ¥ à ±Ãƒ ®llà ¥gà ¥ à ±Ãƒ ®sts, thà ¥sà ¥ à °lns rà ¥nt à ®nlà ³ fà ®r à ³Ãƒ ®ung studà ¥nts: thà ¥Ãƒ ³ rà ¥ gà ®Ãƒ ®d fà ®r studà ¥nts t nà ³ gà ¥. Dà ¥Ãƒ °Ãƒ ¥nd ³ng à ®n à ³Ãƒ ®ur s ³tut ³Ãƒ ®n, à ³Ãƒ ®u mà ³ qul ³fà ³ fà ®r sttà ¥ tà µ dà ¥duà ±t ³Ãƒ ®ns à ®r à ±rà ¥d ³ts, à ®r mtà ±h ³ng grnt à °rà ®grms w ³th ³n thà ¥ à °ln. ?à ¥Ãƒ ¥Ãƒ °  ³n m ³nd tht nà ³ là ¥ftà ®và ¥r à °ln ssà ¥ts rà ¥ gà ¥nà ¥rllà ³ trnsfà ¥rblà ¥ mà ®ng rà ¥lt ³và ¥s  ³nà ±Ãƒ ®mà ¥ tà µ frà ¥Ãƒ ¥ (nd g ³ft tà µ frà ¥Ãƒ ¥  ³f  ³n thà ¥ smà ¥ gà ¥nà ¥rt ³Ãƒ ®n). Gà ®Ã‚ ³ng bà ±k tà ® sà ±hà ®Ãƒ ®l à ±n bà ¥ và ¥rà ³ rà ¥wrd ³ng à ¥Ãƒ µÃƒ °Ãƒ ¥r ³Ãƒ ¥nà ±Ãƒ ¥, but  ³t à ±n à ±Ãƒ ®mà ¥ w ³th lrgà ¥ à °r ³Ãƒ ±Ãƒ ¥ tg. Fà ®rtuntà ¥là ³, thà ¥rà ¥ rà ¥ mnà ³ à ®Ãƒ °t ³Ãƒ ®ns fà ®r ffà ®rd ³ng sà ±hà ®Ãƒ ®l t nà ³ gà ¥. ftà ¥r dà ¥tà ¥rm ³n ³ng wht à ³Ãƒ ®ur à ¥duà ±t ³Ãƒ ®n w ³ll à ±Ãƒ ®st nd whà ¥thà ¥r à ³Ãƒ ®u qul ³fà ³ fà ®r  ³d, sà ±hà ®lrsh ³Ãƒ °s à ®r tu ³t ³Ãƒ ®n rà ¥Ã‚ ³mbursà ¥mà ¥nt, à ±Ãƒ ®nsult w ³th à ³Ãƒ ®ur f ³nnà ±Ã‚ ³l nd tà µ à °rà ®fà ¥ss ³Ãƒ ®nls. Ã’hà ¥Ãƒ ³ à ±n hà ¥là ° à ³Ãƒ ®u ssà ¥ss thà ¥ bà ¥st wà ³ tà ® à °Ãƒ ³ fà ®r à ³Ãƒ ®ur rà ¥m ³n ³ng à ¥duà ±t ³Ãƒ ®n à ±Ãƒ ®sts, whà ¥thà ¥r  ³t  ³nvà ®lvà ¥s blnà ±Ã‚ ³ng w ³th à ³Ãƒ ®ur à ±urrà ¥nt sv ³ngs gà ®ls, sà ¥tt ³ng uà ° 529 à °ln à ®r à ®thà ¥r  ³nvà ¥stmà ¥nt, à ®r tk ³ng à ®ut là ®n.

How to Make Glow in the Dark Mountain Dew

How to Make Glow in the Dark Mountain Dew Mountain Dew has a vibrant yellow-green color to it but ever thought about making it glow? Heres how you do it: Glow in the Dark Mountain Dew Materials 20-oz bottle of Mountain Dewâ„ ¢ (but any 20-oz bottle will work)Glowstick or light stickScissors or wire cuttersDishwashing liquidHydrogen peroxideBaking soda Make It Glow Pour out or drink all but a small volume of the soft drink (~1/4 inch). If your bottle is empty, add a little water.Add a squirt of dishwashing liquid.Use scissors or wire cutters to cut the glowstick.Empty the contents of the glow stick into the bottle. If the liquid wont flow you can snip the glowstick into pieces and just add the pieces to the bottle.Add 1 to 3 capfuls of hydrogen peroxide.Add a pinch of baking soda and immediately seal the bottle.Turn out the lights (if you havent already) and vigorously shake the bottle.Dont drink the contents of the bottle. Keep it out of reach of children or anyone else who might be tempted to drink the liquid. Modern glowsticks are nontoxic, but that doesnt make them good for you to eat. Similarly, dishwashing liquid is not edible. Tips Theres nothing special about Mountain Dew. In fact, you dont even need soda. The glowing red bottle was made using a bit of water, a squirt of Dawn, a broken red glowstick, a couple of capfuls of hydrogen peroxide, and a pinch of baking soda.You dont absolutely need the peroxide or baking soda either. The project works if you add a little detergent and the contents of a broken glowstick to any near-empty 20-oz bottle.However, if you add the peroxide and baking soda, you get an immediate bright glow. Enjoy the glow while you can because the chemiluminescence reaction proceeds rapidly. If you use peroxide you will notice the light starting to fade within about half a minute.Avoid contact with the contents of the glow stick. Clean off any residue from your scissors or another cutting tool. If you get any of the product on your skin, rinse it off immediately with warm soapy water.

PETCOs Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 3

PETCOs - Essay Example This discussion highlights that the strategic move of re-privatizing will help the company in certain aspects, but it will also have bad consequences. One of the benefits of going private is that company does not have to comply with SEC regulations including the Sarbanes-Oxley Act which costs millions of dollars a year to comply with. Becoming private increases the power of the ownership team. Some of the cons of not being public are the inability to raise capital in a liquid marketplace such as the NYSE or NASDAQ. I thought that the company acted unethically and did not comply with the FDA mandate when they re-privatize because by not being public they were not obligated to comply with the demands of the FDA. Private companies are not able to build as much goodwill as publicly traded companies. The author believes that PETCO’s reputation covers its entire supply chain. When a breeder they do business with mistreats animals it reflects badly on the image of the company. The firm has to drop the supplier of help them fix the problem to comply with state regulations. The scandal associated with unsanitary conditions at a PETCO warehouse reflected on the company. The company also did not react quickly enough the fix the problems as the firm’s stakeholders expected. The company in the future has to react faster to issues that can hurt its corporate.

The Dividend Received Deduction Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Dividend Received Deduction - Term Paper Example This paper broadly explores the concept of dividends received deduction. Dividend moves from one company to another before it reaches an individual taxpayer, who happens to be a shareholder in the receiving company. For example, if there are two corporations, A and B in such a way that B has shares in A then the dividend will be taxed twice before it reaches the final shareholder, who also will be taxed. This means there will be two 35% taxation at the corporate level and one 23.8% at an individual taxpayer level hence making the real tax to be nearly 68%. This would even be worse when the dividend has to move a long a series of corporations before it reaches the final stockholder. For example, a situation where company A pays dividend to company B who then pays to C that in turn pays them to the individual shareholders. Following the above stated reasons, pertaining to double taxation, dividends are not taxable thrice or more. As a result, dividends received by a company will be 70% tax-free. Rumpf (2011) asserts that this condition holds unless the corporation in question faces disqualification from this privilege due to some reasons. Even so, when deciding an individual’s dividend income, it is essential to comprehend or, rather, take into account the relationship between dividend and other taxable partaking such as straddles and constructive sales. The history of dividends received deduction is completely different from that of certain income of tax-exempt corporations. Revenue Ruling 104, 1953-1 C.B. 68 fully explores the policy. According to this ruling, the belief that a corporate tax is paid prior to earnings from which the dividends are distributed supports the credit for dividends earned. In other words, a corporate tax had been paid on the proceeds that give rise to dividends ahead of the distribution. According to Rakshit and Sarkar (2013), this

Nursing Case Review of 15 Year Old Girl Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Nursing Case Review of 15 Year Old Girl - Essay Example Based on this information sexual health is a very broad subject that include information relating to ones own body and how its works, knowledge of the physical, emotional and social changes that take place during puberty, pregnancy, youth and ageing. Further, it includes the precautionary measures that are aimed at protecting sexuality of yourself and others, and measures that can be put in place when the safety is broke in instances such as unplanned pregnancy, rape, or sexually transmitted diseases. In essence, it will also entail information relating to responding to children’s sexual exploitations and behaviours to the level of understanding and maintaining safe and happy adult relationships (HealthInsite, 2011). Adolescence and sexual changes Sexual health is a life long part of human beings that accompany them from conception, birth, childhood, adolescence to adolescence. Adolescence is a period of life that is marked with the greatest sexual changes within the body of a person. It is marked by rapid numerous hormonal changes that transform the body of a girl into that of a woman and a boy into man. Thus, it is a transition period between the childhood and adulthood. In this stage, the general calmness and peacefulness of childhood is replaced by a rush of biological sensations, emotions, feelings, social challenges, and interpersonal questions that were never there before (Newton 2010). These transformations make an individual to start relating with other individuals of the same and opposite sex in different new ways that may involve sexual contact and intercourse. Revelation of sexuality brings many joys and physical pleasures but may turnout to be a very risky and destructive human behaviour. Sexual health issues outcomes When an adolescent engage in sexual contact and intercourse many outcomes may arise, thus for our 15 years old girl the following outcomes were possible. First, there is possibility of conception, which leads to unplanned pregn ancy (Weiss, 2009). This was a very likely outcome since studies have shown that age of first sexual intercourse is an important determinant of pregnancy risk with 46% of teenage girls and 22% of teenage boys who engage in their first sexual experience before the age 15 years having been involved in a pregnancy (Ehiri, 2009, p378). This outcome can be even worse especially where two teenagers (like in this case of a 15-year-old girl having unprotected sex intercourse with her 19-year-old boyfriend) who just began their sexual activity experience. Considering that this girl and her teenage boy friend they had not used any contraceptive during the intercourse unplanned pregnancy could have resulted which would have made her not likely to complete school education, more likely to face limited career and economic opportunities, and less likely than older women to obtain timely prenatal and postnatal care (Ehiri, 2009, p378). Research further show that babies from teenage mothers are mor e likely to be preterm, have low birth weight, and also are at greater risk of serious and long-term illness, development delays and death in the first year of life (WHO 2006). This mainly because they may have many issues to contemplate before starting a family or may even lack any means of sustaining one (Cherry 2001). With the rapid hormonal

A Comprehensive And Complete Strategic Report On Airasia Marketing Essay

A Comprehensive And Complete Strategic Report On Airasia Marketing Essay The report includes a detailed description of the company and highlights the achievements and strategic decisions that the corporate has undertaken since its establishment in 1993. Furthermore the report will carry on a detailed Macro environment analysis to evaluate the external factors which may affect the company currently or in the future. After analyzing the external factors and their impacts on the company, the report moves on to analyzing the companys micro environment. The comprehensive SWOT analysis also applied for understanding the companys current situation. The company occupies a strong position within Asian civil aviation, according to its successful low-cost business strategy model and financial resources. After great consideration and analyzing different strategic options for the company, this report recommends two possible future strategies for AirAsia, which are aligned with its current cost leader strategy. 2.0 Introduction AirAsia was established in 1993 in Malaysia. It was originally founded by a government conglomerate DRB-HICOM Holding Berhad. On the second of December 2001, the heavily- indebted airline was purchased by partners Dato Pahamin Rejab (former chairman of AirAsia), Dato Kamarudin Meranun, and Dato Aziz Bakar, Dato Sri Dr Tony Fernandes  [1]  . AirAsia began its operation as a low-cost carrier with two planes (both ageing Boeing B737 aircraft), serving five destinations (Kota Bahru, Kota Kinabalu, Kuching, Labuan, Langkawi and Penang) and a staff of 250. In 2003 the company opened a second hub at Senai International airport near Singapore and launched its first international low-cost flight to Bangkok. Since then it started a Thai subsidiary and launched Low-cost flights to Singapore and Indonesia. In 2004 flights to Macau were launched and in following year, 2005 flights to China, Philippines, Vietnam and Cambodia been launched by the company. AirAsia now is one of the award winning and largest low-cost airlines in the ASEAN which is expanding rapidly. It started with a simple goal that how to free air travel and make it so affordable that now everyone can fly. AirAsia Group (including its Thai and Indonesian affiliates) now operates a fleet of 90 aircraft and flies to more than 60 destinations from hubs in Malaysia, Thailand and Indonesia. AirAsia operates more than 3,500 flights a week, colouring the blue skies over Asia a bright red with their striking livery. The Group employs close to 7,500 staff and in its short history, has ferried more than 90 million passengers. AirAsia has become recognised as The ASEAN airline. It has achieved this by providing effective route connectivity and launching direct, unique and high-frequency flights linking ASEAN towns and cities such as Kuala Lumpur- Vientiane, Kuala Lumpur-Bandung, Phuket-Ho Chi Minh City and Bali-Bangkok. 2.1 Vision statement To be the largest low cost airline in Asia and serving the 3 billion people who are currently underserved with poor connectivity and high fares  [2]  . 2.2 Mission statement To be the best company to work for whereby employees are treated as part of a big family Create a globally recognized ASEAN brand to attain the lowest cost so that everyone can fly maintain the highest quality product, embarking new technology to reduce cost and enhance service levels  [3]  . 2.3 Business Strategy The foundation of the business has been set to deliver a no-frill, low cost, hassle-free and reliable flights and services to its passengers. The company believes in keeping costs consistently low which requires high efficiency and maintaining simplicity in every part of the business. http://www.airasia.com/iwov-resources/my/common/images/AirAsia/aboutus/strategy.gif source:aurasia.com 2.3.1 key strategic implementations Safety First High Aircraft Utilisation: quick turnaround of 25 minutes Low Fare, No Frills Streamlined Operations: making the process as simple as possible, single aircraft fleet Lean Distribution System : ticketless service Point to Point Network 2.4 Highlights of the company According to IATA in 2009 the traffic dropped 3.5% overall in aviation industry which included 5% decline in Europe, North America and the Asia Pacific region. However in 2009 despite of global economic downturn and fear of A(H1N1) influenza pandemic, AirAisa managed to produce an astounding 148% increase in its core operating Profit to RM447 million  [4]  . The company ferried around 22 million passengers. It also succeeded in driving its Ancillary services by introducing new lines of the service. It expects deliveries of new Airbus A320 aircraft and the phasing out of its Boeing B737 aircraft in 2010. In addition despite tight credit lines it was able to secure financing at competitive pricing for all its aircraft deliveries for 2009 and 2010  [5]  . Five years financial highlights (RM million, unless otherwise stated) For the year ended June For the 6 months ended 31 December For the year ended 31 December 2006 2007 Restated 2007 Restated 2008 Restated Revenue 1,071 1,603 1,094 2,855 Operating expenses 997 1,341 875 3,207 Operating profit/(loss) 74 262 219 (352) Associates contributions (0.5) (3.9) Profit/(loss) before tax 86 278 277 (869) Tax 116 220 149 373 Net profit/(loss) 202 498 426 (496) BALANCE SHEET Deposits, cash and bank balances 426 595 425 154 Total assets 2,574 4,779 6,430 9,406 Net debt 627 1,959 3,272 6,453 Shareholders equity 1,148 1,662 2,099 1,606 CASH FLOW STATEMENTS Cash flow from operating activities 282 595 256 (416) Cash flow from investing activities (1,249) (1,943) (1,581) (2,602) Cash flow from financing activities 1,067 1,509 1,141 2,749 Net Cash Flow 100 161 (184) (269) CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE (%) Return on total assets 7.8 10.4 6.6 Return on shareholders equity 17.6 30.0 20.3 Return on capital employed 4.2 7.2 4.1 Operating profit margin 6.9 16.3 20.0 Net profit margin 18.8 31.1 38.9 CONSOLIDATED OPERATING STATISTICS Passengers carried 5,719,411 8,737,939 5,197,567 11,808,058 Capacity 7,378,075 11,140,764 6,621,276 15,660,228 Load factor (%) 78 78 78 75 RPK (million) 6,702 9,863 5,930 14,439 ASK (million) 8,646 12,391 7,919 19,217 Aircraft utilisation (hours per day) 12.0 12.0 11.9 11.8 Average fare (RM) 174 171 195 204 Revenue per ASK (sen) 12.4 12.9 13.8 13.9 Cost per ASK (sen) 11.5 10.8 11.0 11.4 Cost per ASK excluding fuel (sen) 6.6 5.2 5.4 4.2 Revenue per ASK (USc) 3.35 3.65 4.06 4.22 Cost per ASK (USc) 3.12 3.06 3.25 3.49 Cost per ASK excluding fuel (USc) 1.79 1.46 1.60 1.27 Number of stages 48,339 68,195 38,507 89,118 Average stage length (km) 1,163 1,088 1,183 1,207 Average fleet size (Malaysia) 20.5 27.1 31.6 36.6 Size of fleet at year end (Malaysia) 26 34 39 44 Size of fleet at year end (Group) 42 54 65 78 Number of employees at year end 2,224 2,924 3,474 3,799 Percentage sales via internet (%) 60 65 65 70 Source:airasia.com 2.4.2 Ancillary Services The company offers different ancillary services, such as AirAsia cargo, insurance, holiday packages and credit cards. Since 2010 it offers a non flight ticket booking service called AirAsia RedTix which offers ticket booking for concerts, musicals, theatres, sports and other events. It also offers some loyalty programs. Furthermore it is focusing on building its own supply chain for ancillary services to provide better pricing for its passengers. The company mainly use its website as a distribution channel to offer its services. The company achieved 34% growth in its ancillary income in 2008 and it expect around 50% growth in 2010. 2.5 Company description Its subsidiaries are Crunchtime Culinary Services Sdn Bhd; AA International Ltd, which is an investment holding company; AirAsia Go Holiday Sdn Bhd, which is engaged in tour operating business; AirAsia (Mauritius) Limited, which is engaged in providing aircraft leasing facilities to Thai AirAsia Co. Ltd ; Indonesia AirAsia ; VietJet AirAsia ; AirAsia RedTix ; Airspace Communications Sdn Bhd; AirAsia (B) Sdn Bhd; AirAsia Corporate Services Limited; Aras Sejagat Sdn Bhd, which is a special purpose vehicle for financing arrangements required by the Company, and Asia Air Limited, which is engaged in the provision and promotion of AirAsia Berhads in-flight food to the European market  [6]  . 2.6 AirAsia organizational structure The following chart shows the corporate structure and principal operating companies for AirAsia. http://www.airasia.com/iwov-resources/my/common/images/AirAsia/aboutus/chart_organization.gif Source: aiasia.com 2.7AirAsia route Network One of the key strengths for its business is to continuously expand its route network and the frequency of flights, which provides the advantage of more connectivity for the passengers. AirAsia operates from nine regional hubs. AirAsia flies to over 60 cities in 16 countries with 126 domestic and international routes  [7]  . When the company attempts to launch its low cost long haul flights (AirAsiaX) most of the airlines assumed that such attempts will fail due to the more cost and complicity in long haul flights. However the company were quiet successful since it has launched its long haul flights name as AirAsiaX and has earned numerous industry awards, including Asia Pacifics best New Airline in 2008 for its low cost long haul business model. Now there is huge market to expand its long haul flights to different countries. Currently AirAsiaX flies to China, India and Indonesia. The company uses the brand likening agreement which allows it to use the AirAsia brand and a shared services agreement which will benefit the company by sharing resources such as marketing team, distribution channel, cabin crew and pilots. The combined short-haul and long-haul networks feed each other. In the six short years since its inception, Thai AirAsia has become Thailands largest low cost carrier with a market share of 67.81% by passengers and of 67.80% by aircraft movement. It has ferried over 19 million passengers to various destinations. In 2009 the company expanded its rouà ©s in Thailand from 19 to 26 destinations. AirAsia now has two Airbus A320 aircraft based in Phuket, and achieved a load factor of 76% (79% domestic and 74% international)  [8]  . AirAsia currently operates four hubs in Indonesia. As the main hub, Jakarta connects Indonesian passengers to many cities across ASEAN. In 2009, it expanded its routes to Australia, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka and Taiwan. The company key focus in 2010 is India. Apart from Tiruchipillai, the company has added Kolkata, Kochi and Trivandrum to their network. Furthermore the company will focus into six new India routes in 2010  [9]  . 2.8 Joint venture and strategic partnership highlights The company business strategy is cantered on cost leadership, which is focused on price-sensitive customers on long-haul and short-haul flights. The company is mainly focused on joint venture partnership to expand its long-haul flights globally. As AirAsia chief executive Tony Fernandes said: With joint purchasing power it means that we can potentially work with airline manufacturers on the right configuration and design of an aircraft specifically for AirAsia and that the best suits our operational needs for the future  [10]   Airaisa recently (09/04/2010) singed a strategic partnership agreement with VietJet Aviation Joint Stock Company. The company earlier had acquired a 30 percent equity stake in VietJet Air( Vietnam Airlines) which was the first step to lunch of a Vietnam-based, low-cost subsidiary. The trade name is VietJet AirAsia which will be operating both in domestic and international market. The governments of respective companies were fully supportive to the lunch of VietJet AirAsia which will be offering low fares to boost the travel and tourism in Vietnam and the rest of ASEAN region  [11]  . http://www.asianewsnet.net/home/images/space.gif AirAsia recently (06/01/2010) signed an airline alliance agreement with Australias Jetstar to pool recourses and expertise, procure new aircraft and revenue-sharing deals which could lead to cost savings of $200m and $300m annually. The next step for the partners would be to look at joint venture on routes and other commercial activities including joint procurement of hotel inventory for holiday packages. Plans include saving on costs including aircraft purchasing, maintenance and design, since both airlines operate with similar fleets  [12]  . The Virgin Group became an investor in  AirAsia  X to the tune of a 16% stake. The majority stake with 48% is a Malaysian group that includes Fernandes, while  AirAsia  itself has 16%; Japanese aircraft lessor Orix Corporation has 10% and Bahrains Manara Consortium has 10%. AirAsia  X began operations in late 2007 to Australias Gold Coast and now flies to three destinations in that country and two points in China, as well as the UK. It is seeking more A340-300s for longer-haul routes and has 23 A330-300s on order. 3.0External analysis 3.1 PESTEL analysis POLITICAL ECONOMIC SOCIAL Political uncertainly in Malaysia and Thailand Increased tension between Malaysia and Indonesia Severe Security Measures and Restrictions Terrorism attacks mostly in Malaysia and Thailand Increase in route charge by the Government Government support for national carriers Establishment of Climate Protection Charge, so the aviation industry has to compensate further taxes for carbon emission. . Currency fluctuation GPD growth rate The low-cost airline industry is in the growth rate of the life cycle High price ceiling of petroleum products and fuels Recession Changing economy leads to change in lifestyle which includes frequent flying for vacations Operating in ASEAN with different cultures and languages Operations increased in grey market Increasing Population Rising in middle class TECHNOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENTAL LEGAL Fuel efficient engines and air frames Teleconferencing for business Technology expansion in terms of internet sales Online check in Use of technology for ancillary services Wireless technology expansion Use of new Airbus A330-300 Use of information and communication Technology(ICT) Yield management system Computer reservation system Enterprise resource planning system Strict checks on Green house and global warming issues due to pressure from eco-friendly friends. Emission trading scheme Energy consumption and noise pollution controls Land for growing airports No food and beverage service inside the flights so reduce leftover waste Restrictions on mergers Preferential airport rights for some carriers ASEN Regulations Health and safety Other landing charges Compensation Political Political uncertainly in Indonesia and Thailand is not in Airasias favour as it operates mainly in both countries. Since 2006, Thailand has been facing many political issues. In April 2009, Red shirt protestors, who were angry that Thaksins government was forced out of office, caused the cancellation of ASEAN summit and their latest antigovernment protestors went on March 2010 which caused the closure of some airports in Thailand. Moreover as a result of granted exploration rights in oil rich waters off the coast of Borneo have increased tension between Malaysia and Indonesia  [13]  . As mentioned earlier, AirAisa offers long haul flights through strategic alliance with different airlines and willing to expand it further. The main political issue which the company may face in the future is the political relationships with the respective countries which may affect the operation of the company. Economic Fluctuating fuel prices: It has increased turbulence in aviation industry. According to the International Energy Agency the world aviation fuel demand will grow through 2010 led by Asia  [14]  . This current technique of global supply chain incurs large-scale costs to AirAsia who is unable to secure low-cost fuel. This is not good for this no-frills airline ait wants to stay in the market as a low-cost airline and to deliver customers what they want without added costs. Malaysia GDP Growth Rate: The Gross Domestic Product in Malaysia is in companys favour as GPD contracted at an annual rate of 2.60 percent in the last quarter. Malaysia Gross Domestic Product is worth 192 billion dollars or 0.31% of the world economy, according to the World Bank. Malaysia is a rapidly developing economy in Asia. Malaysia, a middle-income country, has transformed itself since the 1970s from a producer of raw materials into an emerging multi-sector economy. The Government of Malaysia is continuing efforts to boost domestic demand to wean the economy off of its dependence on exports  [15]  . Country Interest Rate Growth Rate Inflation Rate Jobless Rate Current Account Exchange Rate Malaysia 2.75% -2.60% 1.70% 3.70% 30449 3.1820 Economic Forecast 2009 2010 Malaysia GDP Growth Rate Sources: ASEAN Finance and Macro-economic Surveillance Unit Database; national statistical offices. Social AirAsia operates in a region with diverse culture, language, origin and religion. As a result the company operates in a market where consumer preferences and demographics are different and uncontrollable. Consumer behaviours are becoming increasingly difficult to predict as contemporary consumers tend to shift loyalties from one brand to another due to price differences or even lack of basic consumer consistency. The competition in low-cost airlines within Asia region is increasing, giving consumers vast choices to choose an airline. Thus in order to fully utilise a market, bring value, increase its consumer generated revenue and relate to the diverse consumer needs, AirAsia must completely understand the market. Technological AirAsia uses the latest information and technology system which allows it to reduce its operating costs. The company has adopted variety of information technologies such as Yield management system, Computer reservation system (CRS), Enterprise Resource Planning System (ERP). Furthermore the company operates with youngest fleet, Airbus 300-330 which again allows the company to operate more efficiently. Environmental In the Asia Pacific region, rapid economic and population growth creates serious social consequences from environmental problems of  global warming and air pollution. The air travel is constantly increasing in that region as consumers are more driven with better technology; this has however increased issues related to global warming and green house effects. AirAsia is always expanding which spells disaster for the planet as more flights mean busier airports, bad sound quality for people living and working near the airports, more noise and air pollution. The company however says its airplanes are more efficient, quieter and thus have less environmental impact. CO2  Emissions from Malaysia Total Fossil Fuel CO2 Emissions from Malaysia graph Source: http://cdiac.ornl.gov/trends/emis/mys.html Legal As mentioned earlier, AirAisa offers long haul flights through strategic alliance with different airlines and willing to expand it further through more partnerships all over the world. The main legal concern for the company is to sort out the legal issues and obtain clearance from the respective countries. As AirAsia Group CEO Fernandes has said that the budget airline would fly to North America once it sorted out the legal issues and obtained clearance from the respective countries  [16]  . Also the company has signed sponsorship deals with different companies, such as its sponsorship deals with National Football Leagues (NFL) Oakland Raiders, which brings its own legal issues. Furthermore the company should pay more attention to health and safety regulations as well. Overall it can be said that the external environment (PESTEL) for AirAsia is relatively stable, however the companys biggest problem involves the legal obligations. It should try to keep the Legal environment as steady as possible. Furthermore the perception of consumer behaviour is another issue for the company and it should develop strategic tools to improve total consumer investment and sales performances. 4.0 The industry environment AirAsia is engaged in the civil aviation industry where it provides low fare, long haul, short haul, point-to-point scheduled passenger airline services. In 2009 AirAisa managed to produce an astounding 148% increase in its core operating Profit to RM447 million  [17]  . The company ferried around 22 million passengers. It also succeeded in driving its Ancillary services by introducing new lines of the service. 4.1 Porter five forces Power of the supplier Supplier power is moderately high. Airbus is AirAsias main aircraft supplier, which means they have high supplier power. Also the switching cost from one supplier to another one is high as it involves lots of hidden costs, e.g. retraining pilots and mechanics. Airports also plays a crucial role as suppliers, the charges for main airports are very high as they are dominant player in supply chain, but the secondary airports have lesser bargaining power. Power of the buyer Buyer power is moderately high due to no switching cost from one airline to other one and it can be easily achieved. Also the easy access to the internet will allow customers to gain information on the prices which are charged by other airlines. Rivalry Rivalry power is in the companys favour. The low-cost operation of the company allows it to offer the cheapest price in the market. However there is a threat that, the profitability of LLC will attract full service airline to lunch its LLC version which will increase the degree of rivalry in the industry. Power of substitute Fortunately, the geographic structure of Asia which is so vast and the large distance between countries has made the air travel the most efficient and convenient way to travel, which makes the power of substitution such as trains or ferries low to the company. Power of new entrant The threat of new entrants is moderately in AirAsias favour at present. The high capital requirements to enter the market and high exit barrier prevent many entrants to the market. In addition, AirAsias current leading role and favourable brand awareness make it a first choice amongst the current competition. However, potential new entrants from full service carriers could be threats in the future and long term. Based on the industrial scanning, the demand for low-cost airlines in Asia is expanding. The profitability of LLC will attract full service airline to lunch its LLC version which will increase the degree of rivalry in the industry. However AirAsia is the market leader in Malaysia, Thailand and Indonesia and in order to overcome the future rivalry it should focus to add value to its services in order to keep its position in the market. 4.2 value chain The value chain logic is that every company occupies a position in the chain which is then passed downstream to the customer. Inbound Logistics is the start of the value chain which includes airport agreements, low cost suppliers and so on. AirAsia serves through secondary airports (significant savings) in various locations where it is able to get good contracts with the airport authorities. It even attempts to negotiate discounted fees by delivering an annual increase in passenger traffic where practical. So it has good relations with its contractors, Airbus being its main supplier of aircrafts provides on-time delivery, gives discounts so it is able to maintain common fleet which reduces costs and saves time. It also does outsourcing in the form of its online web check-in for its passengers. Support activities Firm infrastructure Finance Accounting Quality assurance HR management Providing recruitment and staff training Providing pilot training Providing Yield analyst training Providing In-flight training Technology Adopting information technology such as CRS, FSS, YMS Baggage tracking system In-flight system Procurement Technology acquisition Primary activities Inbound logistics Aircraft purchasing or leasing Aircraft fuel and parts purchasing Landing slot acquisition Flight and crew scheduling Operations Transporting passengers Flight scheduling Courier operation On-board services Outbound logistics Providing transportation Baggage claiming Marketing and sales Advertising and promotion: the most important activity to create more brand awareness. Direct sales Selected travel agent Services Call centre system: to tackle problems with customer enquiries Lost and found services AirAsias value network is a combination of players which comprises of its external network of its customers, stakeholders, complementors, open innovation networks, intermediaries and suppliers, and its internal network focusing on key activities, processes and relationships such as order fulfilment, innovation, customer support and so on. In order to add value it is necessary to position all parties in the value network business model so they can then deliver value to customer supply. Based on the information collected, value can be analyzed, and within this network a companys value share position can be determined. 5.0 Internal analysis 5.1 Current strategic implementations AirAsia has currently adopted information technologies strategically to integrate the operations and coordinate all the business and management functions. The followings are few system implementations that AirAsia has done in its marketing and sales activities as well as operation activity in the value chain. Yield management system Computer reservation system(CRS) Enterprise Resource Planning System(ERP) IT implementation and strategic alignment 5.2 Positioning The company has p